Title: Politeness conceptualization in Iranian social interactions : an ethnographic study
Source document: Brno studies in English. 2022, vol. 48, iss. 2, pp. 77-100
Extent
77-100
-
ISSN0524-6881 (print)1805-0867 (online)
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2022-2-4
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/digilib.77878
Type: Article
Language
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
This study investigated the concept of politeness as perceived by Iranians in their social interactions from the perspective of politeness theory, especially politeness 1 that views politeness as judgments of other people’s behaviour. Data were collected using open-ended questionnaires and a focus group discussion. While 190 Iranians responded to the questionnaire, 6 teachers of English participated in the group discussion. Data were coded and analysed using thematic analysis. The results reveal that a taxonomy of five verbal strategies and eight non-verbal strategies, along with their sub-strategies, are used by Iranians in their social interactions. This taxonomy contributes to the discipline of politeness from the sociocultural perspectives. The study partially supports the politeness theory of Brown and Levinson (1987) as in this study new politeness strategies were discovered, while embracing multiple perspectives for the conceptualization and practice of politeness.
References
[1] Abdolrezapour, Parisa and Abbass Eslami-Rasekh (2012) The effect of using mitigation devices on request compliance in Persian and American English. Discourse Studies 14(2), 145–163. https://doi.org/0.1177/1461445611433789.
[2] Alaoui, S. M. (2011). Politeness principle: A comparative study of English and Moroccan Arabic requests, offers and thanks. European Journal of Social Sciences 20(1), 7–15.
[3] Aliakbari, Mohammad and Arman Toni (2008) The realization of address terms in modern Persian in Iran: A sociolinguistic study. Linguistik Online 35(3). Retrieved from: https://bop.unibe.ch/linguistik-online/article/view/520/869.
[4] Al-Issa, Ahmad (2003) Sociocultural transfer in L2 speech behaviors: Evidence and mo-tivating factors. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 27 (5), 581–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(03)00055-5.
[5] Arundale, Robert B. (2006) Face as relational and interactional: A communication frame-work for research on face, facework, and politeness. Journal of Politeness Research 2(2), 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2006.011.
[6] Arundale, Robert B. (2010). Constituting face in conversation: Face, facework, and inter-actional achievement. Journal of Pragmatics 42(8), 2078–2105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prag-ma.2009.12.021
[7] Baider, Fabienne H., Georgeta Cislaru, and Chantal Claudel (2020) Researching politeness: From the 'classical' approach to discourse analysis … and back. Corpus Pragmatics 4(3), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41701-020-00088-8.
[8] Bargiela-Chiappini, Francesca (2003) Face and politeness: New (insights) for old (concepts). Journal of Pragmatics 35(10–11), 1453–1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00173-X.
[9] Blitvich, Pilar Garcés-Conejos (2009). Impoliteness and identity in the American news media: The "Culture Wars". Journal of Politeness Research 5, 273–303. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2009.014.
[10] Brown, Brian and Paul Crawford (2009) Politeness strategies in question formulation in a UK telephone advisory service. Journal of Politeness Research 5(1), 73–91. https://doi. org/10.1515/JPLR.2009.005.
[11] Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[12] Brown, Roger and Albert Gilman (1960) The pronouns of power and solidarity. In: Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.), Style in Language. MIT Press, 253–276.
[13] Brown, Roger, and Albert Gilman (1989) Politeness theory and Shakespeare's four major tragedies. Language in Society 18 (2), 159-212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500013464
[14] David, Matthew and Carole D Sutton (2004). Social Research: The Basics (Vol. 74). London: Sage.
[15] Eslami-Rasekh, Abbass, Mansoor Tavakoli, and Parisa Abdolrezapour (2010) Certainty and conventional indirectness in Persian and American request forms. The Social Sciences 5(4), 332–339. https://doi.org/10.3923/sscience.2010.332.339
[16] Faika, Soren (2016) Politeness and Ta'arof in Iran. Iranian Studies 6(1), 1105–1124. Re-trieved from: https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=535639
[17] Feeney, Aidan and Jean-François Bonnefon (2013) Politeness and honesty contribute addi-tively to the interpretation of scalar expressions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 32(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X12456840.
[18] Feyaerts, Kurt et al (2022) In your face? Exploring multimodal response patterns involving facial responses to verbal and gestural stance-taking expressions. Journal of Pragmatics 190, 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2022.01.002.
[19] Gagné, Nana Okura (2010) Reexamining the notion of negative face in the Japanese Socio linguistic politeness of request. Language and Communication 30(2), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2009.12.001.
[20] Goldsmith, Daena J. (2007) Brown and Levinson's politeness theory Trans.. In: Whaley, Bryan B. and Samter, Wendy (eds.) Explaining Communication: Contemporary Theories and Exemplars. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 219–236.
[21] Grice, Paul Herbert (1975) Logic and conversation. In: Cole, Peter and Morgan, Jerry L. (eds.) Syntax and Semantics. New York: Academic Press, 41–58.
[22] Gu, Yueguo (1990) Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 14(2), 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90082-O.
[23] Haugh, Michael (2004) Revisiting the conceptualisation of politeness in English and Japanese. Multilingua 23(1–2), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.2004.009.
[24] Hill, Beverly et al (1986) Universals of linguistic politeness. Quantitative evidence from Japanese and American English. Journal of Pragmatics 10(3), 347–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(86)90006-8.
[25] Holtgraves, Thomas M. (2002) Language as Social Action: Social Psychology and Language Use. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
[26] Hosseini, Seyed M. et al (2018) The emic concept of face in the Iranian culture: An ethnographic study of Āberu. Journal of Linguistics & Khorasan Dialects 9(17), 121–152.
[27] Ide, Sachiko (1993) Preface: The search for integrated universals of linguistic politeness. Multilingua – Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 12(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.1993.12.1.7.
[28] Izadi, Ahmad (2022) Intercultural politeness and impoliteness: A case of Iranian students with Malaysian professors. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics 13(2), 33–43.
[29] Izadi, Ahmad (2015) Persian honorifics and im/politeness as social practice. Journal of Pragmatics 85, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.002.
[30] Izadi, Ahmad (2016) Over-politeness in Persian professional interactions. Journal of Pragmatics 102, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.06.004.
[31] Kasper, Gabriele (1990) Linguistic politeness: Current research issues. Journal of Pragmatics 14(2), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W.
[32] Kádár, Dániel Z. and Michael Haugh (2013) Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[33] Knupsky, Aimee C. and Natalie M. Nagy-Bell (2011) Dear professor: The influence of recipient sex and status on personalization and politeness in e-mail. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 30(1), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X10387104
[34] Kroll, Thilo et al (2007) Using focus groups in disability research. Qualitative Health Research 17(5), 690–698.
[35] Lakoff, Robin (1973) Language and woman's place. Language in Society 2(1), 45–79.
[36] Lee, Arinna (2021) The protesters' demands: An analysis of (im) politeness of the Hong Kong Chief Executive in government press conferences. International Journal of Language Studies 15(4), 79–106.
[37] Leech, Geoffrey (1983) Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
[38] Locher, Miriam A. (2006) Polite behavior within relational work: The discursive approach to politeness. Multilingua 25(3), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1515/MULTI.2006.015.
[39] Locher, Miriam A. and Richard J. Watts (2005). Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research 1(1), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9.
[40] Mahmud, Murni (2019) The use of politeness strategies in the classroom context by English university students. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 8(3), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v8i3.15258.
[41] Martínez-Flor, Alicia (2007) Analyzing request modification devices in films: Implications for pragmatic learning in instructed foreign language contexts. In: Soler, Eva Alcón and Jordà, Maria Pilar Safont (eds.) Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 245–279.
[42] Matsumoto, Yoshiko (2003) Reply to Pizziconi. Journal of Pragmatics 35(10–11), 1515–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00077-8.
[43] Mills, Sara. (2017) English Politeness and Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[44] Mills, Sara. (2003) Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[45] Morand, David A. (2003) Politeness and the clash of interaction orders in cross‐cultural communication. Thunderbird International Business Review 45(5), 521–540. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.10089.
[46] Nwoye, Onuigbo G. (1992) Linguistic politeness and socio-cultural variations of the notion of face. Journal of Pragmatics 18(4), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(92)90092-P.
[47] O'Shea, Maria (2000) Cultural Shock: Iran. Portland, Oregon: Graphic Arts Publishing Company.
[48] Park, Jung‐ran (2008) Linguistic politeness and face‐work in computer mediated communication, Part 2: An application of the theoretical framework. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59(14), 2199–2209. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20926.
[49] Pishghadam, Reza and Safoora Navari (2012) A study into politeness strategies and politeness markers in advertisements as persuasive tools. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 3(2), 161–161. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n2.161.
[50] Pitts, Margaret J. et al (2014). Politeness strategies in imagined conversation openers about eldercare. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 33(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/0.1177/0261927X13506708.
[51] Pizziconi, Barbara (2003) Re-examining politeness, face and the Japanese language. Journal of Pragmatics 35(10–11), 1471–1506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00200-X.
[52] Salmani-Nodoushan, Mohammad Ali (2007) Iranian complainees' use of conversational strategies: A politeness study. Iranian Journal of Language Studies 1(1), 29–56. Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED494790.pdf#page=33.
[53] Sharifian, Farzad, and Tahmineh Tayebi (2017) Perception of (im)politeness and the underlying cultural conceptualisations: A study of Persian. Pragmatics and Society 8(2), 231– 253. https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.8.2.04.
[54] Shishavan, Homa Babai (2016) Refusals of invitations and offers in Persian: Genuine or ostensible? Journal of Politeness Research 12(1), 55–93. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2018-9990.
[55] Shishavan, Homa Babai and Farzad Sharifian (2016) The refusal speech act in a cross-cultural perspective: A study of Iranian English-language learners and Anglo-Australian speakers. Language & Communication 47, 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2016.01.001.
[56] Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2011) Conceptualising 'the relational' in pragmatics: Insights from metapragmatic emotion and (im)politeness comments. Journal of Pragmatics 43(14), 3565–3578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.08.009.
[57] Takanaga, Shigeru (2004) Some observations on face-threatening acts in Japanese ordinary Conversation. Hiroshima Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities (3), 55–62. Retrieved from: https://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/en/00017668.
[58] Tayebi, Tahmineh (2021) Conceptualizations of ugly and beautiful an analysis of im/politeness metapragmatic markers in Persian. International Journal of Language and Culture 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.00038.tay.
[59] Terkourafi, Marina (2005) Beyond the micro-level in politeness research. Journal of Politeness Research 1(2), 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.2.237.
[60] Válková, Silvie and Kořínková, Jana (2020) Strategies of positive evaluation in computer-mediated communication. Brno Studies in English 46(2), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2020-2-4.
[61] Watts, Richard J. et al (2005) Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter Berlin.
[62] Watts, Richard J. (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[63] Watts, Richard J. et al (1992) Introduction. In: Watts, Richard J., Ide Sachiko and Konrad Ehlich (eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–17.
[64] Yousofi, Nouroddin et al (2016) An exploratory emic investigation into politeness in Persian. Teaching English Language 10(1), 63–86. https://doi.org/10.22132/tel.2016.53613.
[65] Yule, George (2020) The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[2] Alaoui, S. M. (2011). Politeness principle: A comparative study of English and Moroccan Arabic requests, offers and thanks. European Journal of Social Sciences 20(1), 7–15.
[3] Aliakbari, Mohammad and Arman Toni (2008) The realization of address terms in modern Persian in Iran: A sociolinguistic study. Linguistik Online 35(3). Retrieved from: https://bop.unibe.ch/linguistik-online/article/view/520/869.
[4] Al-Issa, Ahmad (2003) Sociocultural transfer in L2 speech behaviors: Evidence and mo-tivating factors. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 27 (5), 581–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(03)00055-5.
[5] Arundale, Robert B. (2006) Face as relational and interactional: A communication frame-work for research on face, facework, and politeness. Journal of Politeness Research 2(2), 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2006.011.
[6] Arundale, Robert B. (2010). Constituting face in conversation: Face, facework, and inter-actional achievement. Journal of Pragmatics 42(8), 2078–2105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prag-ma.2009.12.021
[7] Baider, Fabienne H., Georgeta Cislaru, and Chantal Claudel (2020) Researching politeness: From the 'classical' approach to discourse analysis … and back. Corpus Pragmatics 4(3), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41701-020-00088-8.
[8] Bargiela-Chiappini, Francesca (2003) Face and politeness: New (insights) for old (concepts). Journal of Pragmatics 35(10–11), 1453–1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00173-X.
[9] Blitvich, Pilar Garcés-Conejos (2009). Impoliteness and identity in the American news media: The "Culture Wars". Journal of Politeness Research 5, 273–303. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2009.014.
[10] Brown, Brian and Paul Crawford (2009) Politeness strategies in question formulation in a UK telephone advisory service. Journal of Politeness Research 5(1), 73–91. https://doi. org/10.1515/JPLR.2009.005.
[11] Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[12] Brown, Roger and Albert Gilman (1960) The pronouns of power and solidarity. In: Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.), Style in Language. MIT Press, 253–276.
[13] Brown, Roger, and Albert Gilman (1989) Politeness theory and Shakespeare's four major tragedies. Language in Society 18 (2), 159-212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500013464
[14] David, Matthew and Carole D Sutton (2004). Social Research: The Basics (Vol. 74). London: Sage.
[15] Eslami-Rasekh, Abbass, Mansoor Tavakoli, and Parisa Abdolrezapour (2010) Certainty and conventional indirectness in Persian and American request forms. The Social Sciences 5(4), 332–339. https://doi.org/10.3923/sscience.2010.332.339
[16] Faika, Soren (2016) Politeness and Ta'arof in Iran. Iranian Studies 6(1), 1105–1124. Re-trieved from: https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=535639
[17] Feeney, Aidan and Jean-François Bonnefon (2013) Politeness and honesty contribute addi-tively to the interpretation of scalar expressions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 32(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X12456840.
[18] Feyaerts, Kurt et al (2022) In your face? Exploring multimodal response patterns involving facial responses to verbal and gestural stance-taking expressions. Journal of Pragmatics 190, 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2022.01.002.
[19] Gagné, Nana Okura (2010) Reexamining the notion of negative face in the Japanese Socio linguistic politeness of request. Language and Communication 30(2), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2009.12.001.
[20] Goldsmith, Daena J. (2007) Brown and Levinson's politeness theory Trans.. In: Whaley, Bryan B. and Samter, Wendy (eds.) Explaining Communication: Contemporary Theories and Exemplars. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 219–236.
[21] Grice, Paul Herbert (1975) Logic and conversation. In: Cole, Peter and Morgan, Jerry L. (eds.) Syntax and Semantics. New York: Academic Press, 41–58.
[22] Gu, Yueguo (1990) Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 14(2), 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90082-O.
[23] Haugh, Michael (2004) Revisiting the conceptualisation of politeness in English and Japanese. Multilingua 23(1–2), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.2004.009.
[24] Hill, Beverly et al (1986) Universals of linguistic politeness. Quantitative evidence from Japanese and American English. Journal of Pragmatics 10(3), 347–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(86)90006-8.
[25] Holtgraves, Thomas M. (2002) Language as Social Action: Social Psychology and Language Use. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
[26] Hosseini, Seyed M. et al (2018) The emic concept of face in the Iranian culture: An ethnographic study of Āberu. Journal of Linguistics & Khorasan Dialects 9(17), 121–152.
[27] Ide, Sachiko (1993) Preface: The search for integrated universals of linguistic politeness. Multilingua – Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 12(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.1993.12.1.7.
[28] Izadi, Ahmad (2022) Intercultural politeness and impoliteness: A case of Iranian students with Malaysian professors. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics 13(2), 33–43.
[29] Izadi, Ahmad (2015) Persian honorifics and im/politeness as social practice. Journal of Pragmatics 85, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.002.
[30] Izadi, Ahmad (2016) Over-politeness in Persian professional interactions. Journal of Pragmatics 102, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.06.004.
[31] Kasper, Gabriele (1990) Linguistic politeness: Current research issues. Journal of Pragmatics 14(2), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W.
[32] Kádár, Dániel Z. and Michael Haugh (2013) Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[33] Knupsky, Aimee C. and Natalie M. Nagy-Bell (2011) Dear professor: The influence of recipient sex and status on personalization and politeness in e-mail. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 30(1), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X10387104
[34] Kroll, Thilo et al (2007) Using focus groups in disability research. Qualitative Health Research 17(5), 690–698.
[35] Lakoff, Robin (1973) Language and woman's place. Language in Society 2(1), 45–79.
[36] Lee, Arinna (2021) The protesters' demands: An analysis of (im) politeness of the Hong Kong Chief Executive in government press conferences. International Journal of Language Studies 15(4), 79–106.
[37] Leech, Geoffrey (1983) Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
[38] Locher, Miriam A. (2006) Polite behavior within relational work: The discursive approach to politeness. Multilingua 25(3), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1515/MULTI.2006.015.
[39] Locher, Miriam A. and Richard J. Watts (2005). Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research 1(1), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9.
[40] Mahmud, Murni (2019) The use of politeness strategies in the classroom context by English university students. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 8(3), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v8i3.15258.
[41] Martínez-Flor, Alicia (2007) Analyzing request modification devices in films: Implications for pragmatic learning in instructed foreign language contexts. In: Soler, Eva Alcón and Jordà, Maria Pilar Safont (eds.) Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 245–279.
[42] Matsumoto, Yoshiko (2003) Reply to Pizziconi. Journal of Pragmatics 35(10–11), 1515–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00077-8.
[43] Mills, Sara. (2017) English Politeness and Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[44] Mills, Sara. (2003) Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[45] Morand, David A. (2003) Politeness and the clash of interaction orders in cross‐cultural communication. Thunderbird International Business Review 45(5), 521–540. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.10089.
[46] Nwoye, Onuigbo G. (1992) Linguistic politeness and socio-cultural variations of the notion of face. Journal of Pragmatics 18(4), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(92)90092-P.
[47] O'Shea, Maria (2000) Cultural Shock: Iran. Portland, Oregon: Graphic Arts Publishing Company.
[48] Park, Jung‐ran (2008) Linguistic politeness and face‐work in computer mediated communication, Part 2: An application of the theoretical framework. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59(14), 2199–2209. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20926.
[49] Pishghadam, Reza and Safoora Navari (2012) A study into politeness strategies and politeness markers in advertisements as persuasive tools. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 3(2), 161–161. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n2.161.
[50] Pitts, Margaret J. et al (2014). Politeness strategies in imagined conversation openers about eldercare. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 33(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/0.1177/0261927X13506708.
[51] Pizziconi, Barbara (2003) Re-examining politeness, face and the Japanese language. Journal of Pragmatics 35(10–11), 1471–1506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00200-X.
[52] Salmani-Nodoushan, Mohammad Ali (2007) Iranian complainees' use of conversational strategies: A politeness study. Iranian Journal of Language Studies 1(1), 29–56. Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED494790.pdf#page=33.
[53] Sharifian, Farzad, and Tahmineh Tayebi (2017) Perception of (im)politeness and the underlying cultural conceptualisations: A study of Persian. Pragmatics and Society 8(2), 231– 253. https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.8.2.04.
[54] Shishavan, Homa Babai (2016) Refusals of invitations and offers in Persian: Genuine or ostensible? Journal of Politeness Research 12(1), 55–93. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2018-9990.
[55] Shishavan, Homa Babai and Farzad Sharifian (2016) The refusal speech act in a cross-cultural perspective: A study of Iranian English-language learners and Anglo-Australian speakers. Language & Communication 47, 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2016.01.001.
[56] Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2011) Conceptualising 'the relational' in pragmatics: Insights from metapragmatic emotion and (im)politeness comments. Journal of Pragmatics 43(14), 3565–3578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.08.009.
[57] Takanaga, Shigeru (2004) Some observations on face-threatening acts in Japanese ordinary Conversation. Hiroshima Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities (3), 55–62. Retrieved from: https://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/en/00017668.
[58] Tayebi, Tahmineh (2021) Conceptualizations of ugly and beautiful an analysis of im/politeness metapragmatic markers in Persian. International Journal of Language and Culture 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.00038.tay.
[59] Terkourafi, Marina (2005) Beyond the micro-level in politeness research. Journal of Politeness Research 1(2), 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.2.237.
[60] Válková, Silvie and Kořínková, Jana (2020) Strategies of positive evaluation in computer-mediated communication. Brno Studies in English 46(2), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2020-2-4.
[61] Watts, Richard J. et al (2005) Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter Berlin.
[62] Watts, Richard J. (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[63] Watts, Richard J. et al (1992) Introduction. In: Watts, Richard J., Ide Sachiko and Konrad Ehlich (eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–17.
[64] Yousofi, Nouroddin et al (2016) An exploratory emic investigation into politeness in Persian. Teaching English Language 10(1), 63–86. https://doi.org/10.22132/tel.2016.53613.
[65] Yule, George (2020) The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.