Article
| Title: | Artemis and her family |
| Author: | |
| Source document: | Graeco-Latina Brunensia. 2016, vol. 21, iss. 2, pp. 39-50 |
| Extent: | 39-50 |
| ISSN: | 1803-7402 (print); 2336-4424 (online) |
| DOI: | 10.5817/GLB2016-2-4 |
| Type: | Article (English) |
| Stable URL: | http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/136225 |
| License: |
PDF
Abstract(s):
The present contribution sumarizes and analyzes the main etymological attempts to explain the theonym Ἄρτεμις. With regard to vacillation in the root vocalism, the Mycenaean records and the predominance of worship of this goddess in Asia Minor lend precedence to the hypothesis of non-Greek origin. Regarding epithets mediated by ancient authors, it seems that most were transferred from Artemis' brother Apollo. A new solution is based on her epithet Τύχη "Fortune", known especially from numismatic legends from various cities Peloponnese, Lesbos, and Asia Minor as well as Gerasa in North Jordan. The hypothetical compound *Artemi- would mean "giving omen" in Hurrian, where both components are attested and safely interpreted, and this type of personal name is very frequent. This could have been adopted into Greek in three ways: (i) from a hypothetical language of West Asia Minor related to Hurrian, (ii) from a hypothetical pre-Greek substratum related to Hurrian, or (iii) from Hurrian with Luwoid mediation. It is significant that the names of her brother Apollo and mother Leto are also etymologizable on the basis of Hurro-Urartian languages.
Keywords:
theonym; epithet; compound; etymology; Mycenaean; Greek; Hurrian
Note:
Dedicated to the memory of Professor Antonín Bartoněk (29. 10. 1926 – 30. 5. 2016)
References:
[1] Abel, E. (Ed.). (1885). Orphica. Recensuit Eugenius Abel. Accedunt Procli Hymni, Hymni Magici, Hymnus in Isim alique eiusmodi carmina. Leipzig: Freytag ‒ Prag: Tempsky. [Retrieved 18. 10 2016 from https://archive.org/details/orphicarecensuit00orph].
[2] AHw. = Soden, W. von (1965). Akkadisches Handwörterbuch (Vol. I). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[3] Aura Jorro, F. (1985‒1993). Diccionario micénico (Vol. I‒II). Madrid: Instituto de Filología / Consejo superior de investigaciones científicas.
[4] Beekes, R. (1969). The Development of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Greek. The Hague‒Paris: Mouton.
[5] Beekes, R. (2003). The Origin of Apollo. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 3(1), 1‒21. | DOI 10.1163/1569212031960384
[6] Beekes, R., & van Beek, L. (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden‒Boston: Brill.
[7] Benveniste, É. (1935). Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen. Paris: Maisonneuve.
[8] Blažek, V. (2015). Apollo the Archer (contribution presented at the International Colloquium on Ancient Greek Linguistics, Campus X, Rome, March 23–27, 2015).
[9] rixhe, C. (1976). Le dialecte grec de Pamphylie. Documents et grammaire. Paris: Maisonneuve.
[10] Brown, E. L. (2004). In Search of Anatolian Apollo. In A. P. Chapin (Ed.), Charis. Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr (pp. 253‒267). Princeton: Hesperia Supplement.
[11] Burnet, J. (Ed.). (1903). Platonis Opera. Oxford: University Press.
[12] CAD = Gelb, I. J. (1968). The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Vol. I). Chicago: Oriental Institute.
[13] CDA = Black, J., George, A., & Postage, N. (Eds.). (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[14] Chantraine, P. (1968‒1980). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots. Paris: Klincksieck.
[15] Diakonoff, I. M., & Starostin, S. A. (1986). Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Language. München: Kitzinger.
[16] Evelyn-White, H. G. (Transl.). (1914). Hesiod: Theogony. In The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press – London: Heinemann.
[17] Fowler, H. N. (Transl.). (1921). Plato in Twelve Volumes (Vol. 12). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press – London: Heinemann.
[18] Frisk, H. (1973f.). Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Vol. I‒III). Heidelberg: Winter.
[19] García Trabazo, J. V. (2007). Ahhiyawafrage y cuestiones conexas. Podemos extraer más datos de las fuentes hititas? In J. J. Justel Vicente, B. E. Solans Gracia, J. P. Vita Barra, & J. Á. Zamora López (Eds.), Las aguas primigenias: el Próximo Oriente Antiguo como fuente de civilización. Congreso Español de Antiguo Oriente Próximo, 4o 2006, Zaragoza (pp. 43‒68). Zaragoza: Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo.
[20] Gusmani, R. (1964). Lydisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Winter.
[21] Güterbock, H. G. (1986/1997). Troy in Hittite Texts? Wilusa, Ahhiyawa and Hittite History. In M. Mellink (Ed.), Troy and the Trojan War. A Symposium held at Bryn Mawr College. October 1984 (pp. 33‒44). Bryn Mawr (Pen.): Bryn Mawr College. [Cited after the reedition in H. A. Hoffner, jr. (Ed.). (1997), Perspectives on Hittite Civilization: Selected Writings of Hans Gustav Güterbock (pp. 223‒228). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago].
[22] Heubeck, A. (1956). Ἄρτεμις ἰοχέαιρα. Beiträge zur Namenforschung, 7, 275‒279.
[23] Heubeck, A. (1987). Noch einmal zum Namen des Apollon. Glotta, 65, 179‒182.
[24] Hintze, A. (1993). A Lexicon to the Cyprian Syllabic Inscriptions. Hamburg: Buske.
[25] Hüsing, G. (1918). Kaspisch V: *lata = Eheweib? Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 21, 264‒272.
[26] IC = Guarducci, M., & Halbherr, F. (Eds.). (1935‒1950). Inscriptiones Creticae. Roma: Libreria dello Stato (Istituto nazionale di archeologia e storia dell'arte, Italy).
[27] ICS2 = Masson, O. (Ed.). (1983). Les inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques. Paris: de Boccard.
[28] IG = Böckh, A., Kirchhoff, A., & Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von et al. (Eds.). (1873f.). Inscriptiones Graecae. Berlin: Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften / Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
[29] Jones, W. H. S., & Ormerod, H. A. (Transl.). (1918). Pausanias: Description of Greece. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press – London: Heinemann.
[30] Laroche, E. (1980). Glossaire de la langue hourrite. Paris: Klincksieck.
[31] Lichtenberg, A. (2008). The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East: In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods (Ed. T. Kaizer; pp. 133‒154). Leiden‒Boston: Brill.
[32] Liddell, H. G., & Scott, R. (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[33] LIV = Rix, H., Kümmel, M., Zehnder, T., Lipp, R., & Schirmer, B. (2001). Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (2. ed.). Wiesbaden: Reichert.
[34] Mair, A. W. (Ed. & Transl.). (1921). Callimachus: Works. London: Heinemann ‒ New York: Putnam's Sons.
[35] Meineke, A. (Ed.). (1877). Strabo: Geographica. Leipzig: Teubner.
[36] Monro, D. B. et al. (Eds.). (1920). Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[37] Murray, A. T. (Transl.). (1919). Homer: The Odyssey. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press – London: Heinemann.
[38] Murray, A. T. (Transl.). (1924). Homer: The Iliad. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press – London: Heinemann.
[39] NCED = Nikolaev, S. L., & Starostin, S. A. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary. Moscow: Asterisk Publishers.
[40] Neumann, G. (2007). Glossar des Lykischen (überarbeitet und zum Druck gebracht von Johann Tischler). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[41] Nozadze, N. (2007). Leksika xurritskogo jazyka. Tbilisi: Society of Assyriologists, Bibliologists & Caucasiologists.
[42] Obbink, D. (2014). Two new poems by Sappho. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 189, 32‒49.
[43] Oettinger, N. (2015). Apollo: indogermanisch oder nicht-indogermanisch? Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, 69(1), 123–143.
[44] Peters, M. (1980). Untersuchungen zur Vertretung der indogermanischen Laryngale im Griechischen (Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 377). Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
[45] Peters, M. (2002). Aus der Vergangenheit von Heroen und Ehegöttinnen. In M. Fritz, & S. Zeilfelder (Eds.), Novalis indogermanica. Festschrift für Günter Neumann zum 80. Geburtstag (pp. 357‒380). Graz: Leykam.
[46] Pisani, V. (1947). Crestomazia indeuropea (2. ed.). Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier.
[47] Pokorny, J. (1959). Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. München‒Bern: Francke.
[48] Ruijgh, C. J. (1967). Etudes sur la grammaire et le vocabulaire du grec mycénien. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
[49] Schwyzer, E. (1939). Griechische Grammatik, I. Band (Lautlehre. Wortbildung. Flexion). München: Beck.
[50] Smyth, H. W. (Transl.). (1926). Aeschylus: Agamemnon. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press ‒ London: Heinemann.
[51] Sommer, F. (1937). Aḫḫijavā und kein Ende? Indogermanische Forschungen, 55, 169‒297. | DOI 10.1515/if-1937-0146
[52] Spiro, F. (Ed.). (1903). Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio. Leipzig: Teubner.
[53] Stallbaum, G. (Ed.) (1825‒1826). Eustathii, archiepiscopi thessalonicensis Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem. Ad fidem exempli romani editi. Leipzig: Weigel. [Retrieved 18. 10. 2016 from https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008673527; http://khazarzar.skeptik.net /pgm/PG_MigneEustathius%20Thessalonicensis_PG%20135,136/Commentarii%20ad%20Homeri%20Iliadem%20ii.pdf].
[54] Taylor, T. (Ed.). (1792). Thy Hymns of Orpheus. London: T. Payne.
[55] Usener, H. (1896). Götternamen. Versuch einer Lehre von der religiösen Begriffsbildung. Bonn: Cohen.
[56] Ventris, M., & Chadwick, J. (1973). Documents in Mycenaean Greek (2. ed.). Cambridge: University Press.
[57] Wegner, I. (2007). Hurritisch. Eine Einführung (2. ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[58] Wernicke, K. (1895a). Apollon. In Paulys Realenzyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Bd. II.1; cc. 1‒111). Stuttgart: Metzler. [Retrieved 18. 10. 2016 from http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Apollon].
[59] Wernicke, K. (1895b). Artemis. In Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Bd. II.1; cc. 1336‒1440). Stuttgart: Metzler. [Retrieved 18. 10. 2016 from https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Artemis_2].
[60] Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von (Ed.). (1897). Callimachi hymni et epigrammata. Berlin: Weidmann. [Retrieved 18. 10. 2016 from http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0533.tlg017.perseus-grc2].
[61] Wilhelm, G. (2004). Hurrian. In R. D. Woodrow (Ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages (pp. 95‒118). Cambridge: University Press.
[62] Willi, A. (2010). Hera, Eros, Iuno Sororia. Indogermanische Forschungen, 115, 234‒267.
[63] Windekens, A. J. van (1986). Dictionnaire étymologique complementaire de la langue grecque. Leuven: Peeters.
