Title: Následky válečného sexuálního násilí v Bosně a Hercegovině : diskurzy o dětech zrozených ze znásilnění v etnicky rozdělené společnosti
Variant title:
- Consequences of war-time sexual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina : discourses about the children born of rape in ethnically divided society
Source document: Porta Balkanica. 2021, vol. 12, iss. 1-2, pp. [37]-52
Extent
[37]-52
-
ISSN1804-2449 (print)2570-5946 (online)
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/144473
Type: Article
Language
License: Not specified license
Rights access
embargoed access
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
The main subject of the study is media discourse of children born of rape during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992–1995. Acts of rape are considered to be part of the war tactics of major rivals (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Army of Republika Srpska, and Croatian Defence Council) and paramilitary units. Forced impregnation and disallowance of abortions was carried out as an accompanying factor of ethnic cleansing. The children born to the raped women are subjected to social stigmatization based on their origin. The idea of inheritance of ethnic identity in patriarchal lineage plays significant role in the construction process of their individual identity. The way in which the children born of war are depicted and perceived affects various aspects of their lives. The main objective of the research was to pursue a public discourse about the children born to the raped women, first through an analysis of the media, which significantly contribute to the image of these children, and second, with the contribution of interviews conducted during the field research in 2018.
Hlavním předmětem této studie je mediální diskurz o dětech narozených následkem znásilnění během války v Bosně a Hercegovině v letech 1992–1995. V případě bosenského konfliktu jsou akty znásilnění považovány za součást válečné taktiky hlavních soupeřů (Armády Bosny a Hercegoviny, Vojsk Republiky srbské, Chorvatské rady obrany) a para-militárních jednotek. Nucená oplodnění a znemožnění potratu bylo prováděno jako doprovodný faktor etnických čistek. Děti zrozené ze znásilnění jsou často vystavovány diskriminaci na základě svého původu. Hlavním cílem výzkumu je analyzovat veřejný obraz dětí narozených znásilněným ženám a identifikovat roli myšlenky o dědičnosti etnické identity v jednotlivých společenstvích konstitutivních národů. A to jednak prostřednictvím analýzy médií, která výrazně spoluutvářejí obraz o dětech války, jednak za přispění rozhovorů uskutečněných během terénního výzkumu v r. 2018.
References
[1] BEČIRBAŠIĆ, B. 2002. "Invisible Casualties Of War." Star Magazine, BCR no.383.
[2] BROWNMILLER, S. 1975. Against Our Will: Men, Women, And Rape. Bantam Books.
[3] BUSS, D. 2009. "Rethinking Rape As A Weapon Of War." Feminist Legal Studies, Vol.17: 145-163, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1373975
[4] CARPENTER, Ch. 2000. "Surfacing Children: Limitations Of Genocidal Rape Discourse." Human Rights Quaterly Vol. 22: 453-457.
[5] COUNCIL of Europe. 2009. Sexual Violence Against Women in Armed Conflict. [online]. Dostupné z: HTTP://ASSEMBLY.COE.INT/NW/XML/XREF/XREF-XML2HTML-EN.ASP?FILEID=17741&LANG=EN.
[6] DANIEL-WRABETZ, J. 2007. "Children Born of War Rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Convention on the Rights of the Child." Pp. 21-39 in Ch. Carpenter. Born Of War: Protecting Children Of Sexual Violence Survivors In Conflict Zones. Kumarian press.
[7] DEUTSCHE WELLE. 2019. DocFilm – Living in Dignity – Ajna fights for Bosnia's "Children of shame". [online]. DW. Dostupné z https://www.dw.com/en/docfilm-living-in-dignity-ajna-fights-for-bosnias-children-of-shame/av 50999139?fbclid=IwAR3jOWsfy8JOO4clxXT0v_Tt5azQsqv3NYwfrUbB-kqjHAKDBFxrIT39euw
[8] DJURDEVIĆ, M. 2017. "Wartime Rapes Of Men Remains Taboo In Bosnia." Balkan Insight. Available at https://balkaninsight.com/2017/05/18/male-victims-ofwar-related-sexual-abuse-shunned-inbosnia-05-18-2017-1/.
[9] EXPRESS. 2017. Ratna Silovanja: Hrvatice Najmanje O Tome Govore. [online]. Dostupné z https://www.express.hr/life/ratna-silovanjahrvatice-najmanje-o-tome-govore-11537.
[10] FAIRCLOUGH, N. 2003. Analysing Discourse. New York: Routledge.
[11] GLAS Srpske. 2011. Ispovijesti Srpkinja Silovanih u Sarajevu. [online]. Dostupné z https://www.glassrpske.com/lat/drustvo/feljton/ispovijestisrpkinja-silovanih-u-sarajevu-2-silovana-uhrvatskim-pa-muslimanskim-logorima/53261.
[12] HAGUE CONFERENCE ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW. 1993. Report Of The Joint Mission Of Unicef, Unhcr And Dci In Collaboration With The Hague Conference On Private International Law For The Protection Of The Rights Of Unaccompanied Children In Former Yugoslavia. [online]. Hague: HCCH. Dostupné z: https://www.hcch.net/en/publications-and-studies/details4/?pid=3916&dtid=28
[13] HAMEL, M. E. 2016. "Ethnic Belonging Of The Children Born Of Rape In Postconflict BosniaHerzegovina And Rwanda." Journal Of The Association For The Study Of Ethnicity And Nationalism, Vol. 22, No. 2: 287-304.
[14] HAYDEN, R. 2000. "Rape And Rape Avoidance In Ethno-National Conflicts: Sexual Violence In Liminalized States." American Anthropologist, Vol.102: 27-41. | DOI 10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.27
[15] INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. 2019. Crimes of Sexual Violence. [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.icty.org/en/features/crimes-sexual-violence.
[16] LEE, S. 2017. Children Born Of War In The Twentieth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
[17] MADAN, S. 1996. Identity, Culture And The Postmodern World. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
[18] MCCORMICK, M. 1996. Sexual Violence: An Invisible Weapon Of War In The Former Yugoslavia. Chicago: International human rights institute.
[19] NOVI HORIZONTI. 2017. Došao U Posjetu Kod Svog Oca – To Je Zločinac: Pokucao Sam Mu Na Vrata U Foči, U Njemu Nema Ništa Ljudsko. [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.novihorizonti.ba/dosao-u-posjetu-kod-svogoca-to-je-zlocinac-pokucao-sam-mu-na-vratau-foci-u-njemu-nema-nista-ljudsko/.
[20] SKJELSBAEK, I. 2001. "Sexual Violence And War: Mapping Out A Complex Relationship." European Journal Of International Relations, No. 7: 211-237, DOI: 10.1177/1354066101007002003 | DOI 10.1177/1354066101007002003
[21] STIGLMAYER, A. 1994. Mass Rape: The War Against Women In Bosnia And Herzegovina. University of Nebraska Press.
[22] STRUPINSKIENE, L. 2012. "Living In The Shadows Of Past Atrocities: War Babies Of Bosnia." Wagadu, Vol.10: 55-71.
[23] TAKŠEVA, T. 2015. "Raising Children Born Of Rape In Bosnia: A Maternal Philosophy Perspective." Pp. 97-120 in T.Takševa a A. Sgoutas. Mothers Under Fire: Mothering In Conflict Areas. Demeter Press.
[24] TAKŠEVA, T. 2015. "Genocidal Rape, Enforced Impregnation And The Discourse Of Serbian National Identity." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and CultureVol.17, No.3, DOI: 10.7771/1481-4374.2638 | DOI 10.7771/1481-4374.2638
[25] TAKŠEVA, T. 2018. "Negotiating Identities In Post-Conflict Bosnia And Herzegovina: Self, Ethnicity, And Nationhood In Adolescents Born Of Wartime Rape." Pp 19-38 in T.Trošt a D. Mandić. Changing Youth Values in Southeast Europe: Beyond Ethnicity. Routledge.
[26] TURČILO, L., Davor, M., Brunwasser, M. 2016. Assessment Of The Media Sector In Bosnia And Herzegovina. Sarajevo: US Aid.
[27] UN. 1994. Concluding comment on the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Special report. U.N. Doc. A/49/38, paras. 732-757.
[28] UN. 2018. UN Mobilizes in Rohingya Camps to Support Babies Born of Rape; Young Mothers Face Stigma. [online]. UN News. Dostupné z https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1012372.
[29] UNHCR. 2012. Women and Girls Fleeing Conflict: Gender and the Interpretation and Application of the 1951 Refugee Convention. [online]. Geneva: Division of International Protection UNHCR. Dostupné z https://www.unhcr.org/504dd7649.pdf.
[30] UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND. 2016. Stigma Against Survivors Of ConflictRelated Sexual Violence In Bosnia And Herzegovina - Research Summary. Sarajevo: UNFPA.
[31] VLADA RS. 2016. Naša Ispovijest: Žene Žrtve Rata Iz Republike Srpske. Banja Luka: Vlada RS.
[32] VOA. 2019. Yazidis divided over children born of IS rape. [online]. VOA News. Dostupné z https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/yazidis-divided-over-children-born-rape.
[33] WEITSMAN, P. 2008. "The Politics Of Identity And Sexual Violence: A Review Of Bosnia And Rwanda." Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.30 No.3: 561-578. DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0024 | DOI 10.1353/hrq.0.0024
[34] WOOD, E. J. 2014. "Conflict-Related Sexual Violence And The Policy Implications Of Recent Research." International Review Of The Red Cross, Vol. 96: 457-478. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383115000077 | DOI 10.1017/S1816383115000077
[35] ŽÍLA, O. 2016. "Bosna A Hercegovina." Pp. 73-135 in J. Pelikán a kol. Státy západního Balkánu v uplynulém čtvrtstoletí a perspektivy jejich vývoje. Praha: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy.
[2] BROWNMILLER, S. 1975. Against Our Will: Men, Women, And Rape. Bantam Books.
[3] BUSS, D. 2009. "Rethinking Rape As A Weapon Of War." Feminist Legal Studies, Vol.17: 145-163, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1373975
[4] CARPENTER, Ch. 2000. "Surfacing Children: Limitations Of Genocidal Rape Discourse." Human Rights Quaterly Vol. 22: 453-457.
[5] COUNCIL of Europe. 2009. Sexual Violence Against Women in Armed Conflict. [online]. Dostupné z: HTTP://ASSEMBLY.COE.INT/NW/XML/XREF/XREF-XML2HTML-EN.ASP?FILEID=17741&LANG=EN.
[6] DANIEL-WRABETZ, J. 2007. "Children Born of War Rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Convention on the Rights of the Child." Pp. 21-39 in Ch. Carpenter. Born Of War: Protecting Children Of Sexual Violence Survivors In Conflict Zones. Kumarian press.
[7] DEUTSCHE WELLE. 2019. DocFilm – Living in Dignity – Ajna fights for Bosnia's "Children of shame". [online]. DW. Dostupné z https://www.dw.com/en/docfilm-living-in-dignity-ajna-fights-for-bosnias-children-of-shame/av 50999139?fbclid=IwAR3jOWsfy8JOO4clxXT0v_Tt5azQsqv3NYwfrUbB-kqjHAKDBFxrIT39euw
[8] DJURDEVIĆ, M. 2017. "Wartime Rapes Of Men Remains Taboo In Bosnia." Balkan Insight. Available at https://balkaninsight.com/2017/05/18/male-victims-ofwar-related-sexual-abuse-shunned-inbosnia-05-18-2017-1/.
[9] EXPRESS. 2017. Ratna Silovanja: Hrvatice Najmanje O Tome Govore. [online]. Dostupné z https://www.express.hr/life/ratna-silovanjahrvatice-najmanje-o-tome-govore-11537.
[10] FAIRCLOUGH, N. 2003. Analysing Discourse. New York: Routledge.
[11] GLAS Srpske. 2011. Ispovijesti Srpkinja Silovanih u Sarajevu. [online]. Dostupné z https://www.glassrpske.com/lat/drustvo/feljton/ispovijestisrpkinja-silovanih-u-sarajevu-2-silovana-uhrvatskim-pa-muslimanskim-logorima/53261.
[12] HAGUE CONFERENCE ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW. 1993. Report Of The Joint Mission Of Unicef, Unhcr And Dci In Collaboration With The Hague Conference On Private International Law For The Protection Of The Rights Of Unaccompanied Children In Former Yugoslavia. [online]. Hague: HCCH. Dostupné z: https://www.hcch.net/en/publications-and-studies/details4/?pid=3916&dtid=28
[13] HAMEL, M. E. 2016. "Ethnic Belonging Of The Children Born Of Rape In Postconflict BosniaHerzegovina And Rwanda." Journal Of The Association For The Study Of Ethnicity And Nationalism, Vol. 22, No. 2: 287-304.
[14] HAYDEN, R. 2000. "Rape And Rape Avoidance In Ethno-National Conflicts: Sexual Violence In Liminalized States." American Anthropologist, Vol.102: 27-41. | DOI 10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.27
[15] INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. 2019. Crimes of Sexual Violence. [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.icty.org/en/features/crimes-sexual-violence.
[16] LEE, S. 2017. Children Born Of War In The Twentieth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
[17] MADAN, S. 1996. Identity, Culture And The Postmodern World. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
[18] MCCORMICK, M. 1996. Sexual Violence: An Invisible Weapon Of War In The Former Yugoslavia. Chicago: International human rights institute.
[19] NOVI HORIZONTI. 2017. Došao U Posjetu Kod Svog Oca – To Je Zločinac: Pokucao Sam Mu Na Vrata U Foči, U Njemu Nema Ništa Ljudsko. [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.novihorizonti.ba/dosao-u-posjetu-kod-svogoca-to-je-zlocinac-pokucao-sam-mu-na-vratau-foci-u-njemu-nema-nista-ljudsko/.
[20] SKJELSBAEK, I. 2001. "Sexual Violence And War: Mapping Out A Complex Relationship." European Journal Of International Relations, No. 7: 211-237, DOI: 10.1177/1354066101007002003 | DOI 10.1177/1354066101007002003
[21] STIGLMAYER, A. 1994. Mass Rape: The War Against Women In Bosnia And Herzegovina. University of Nebraska Press.
[22] STRUPINSKIENE, L. 2012. "Living In The Shadows Of Past Atrocities: War Babies Of Bosnia." Wagadu, Vol.10: 55-71.
[23] TAKŠEVA, T. 2015. "Raising Children Born Of Rape In Bosnia: A Maternal Philosophy Perspective." Pp. 97-120 in T.Takševa a A. Sgoutas. Mothers Under Fire: Mothering In Conflict Areas. Demeter Press.
[24] TAKŠEVA, T. 2015. "Genocidal Rape, Enforced Impregnation And The Discourse Of Serbian National Identity." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and CultureVol.17, No.3, DOI: 10.7771/1481-4374.2638 | DOI 10.7771/1481-4374.2638
[25] TAKŠEVA, T. 2018. "Negotiating Identities In Post-Conflict Bosnia And Herzegovina: Self, Ethnicity, And Nationhood In Adolescents Born Of Wartime Rape." Pp 19-38 in T.Trošt a D. Mandić. Changing Youth Values in Southeast Europe: Beyond Ethnicity. Routledge.
[26] TURČILO, L., Davor, M., Brunwasser, M. 2016. Assessment Of The Media Sector In Bosnia And Herzegovina. Sarajevo: US Aid.
[27] UN. 1994. Concluding comment on the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Special report. U.N. Doc. A/49/38, paras. 732-757.
[28] UN. 2018. UN Mobilizes in Rohingya Camps to Support Babies Born of Rape; Young Mothers Face Stigma. [online]. UN News. Dostupné z https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1012372.
[29] UNHCR. 2012. Women and Girls Fleeing Conflict: Gender and the Interpretation and Application of the 1951 Refugee Convention. [online]. Geneva: Division of International Protection UNHCR. Dostupné z https://www.unhcr.org/504dd7649.pdf.
[30] UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND. 2016. Stigma Against Survivors Of ConflictRelated Sexual Violence In Bosnia And Herzegovina - Research Summary. Sarajevo: UNFPA.
[31] VLADA RS. 2016. Naša Ispovijest: Žene Žrtve Rata Iz Republike Srpske. Banja Luka: Vlada RS.
[32] VOA. 2019. Yazidis divided over children born of IS rape. [online]. VOA News. Dostupné z https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/yazidis-divided-over-children-born-rape.
[33] WEITSMAN, P. 2008. "The Politics Of Identity And Sexual Violence: A Review Of Bosnia And Rwanda." Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.30 No.3: 561-578. DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0024 | DOI 10.1353/hrq.0.0024
[34] WOOD, E. J. 2014. "Conflict-Related Sexual Violence And The Policy Implications Of Recent Research." International Review Of The Red Cross, Vol. 96: 457-478. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383115000077 | DOI 10.1017/S1816383115000077
[35] ŽÍLA, O. 2016. "Bosna A Hercegovina." Pp. 73-135 in J. Pelikán a kol. Státy západního Balkánu v uplynulém čtvrtstoletí a perspektivy jejich vývoje. Praha: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy.