Název: Doklady sasánovského vplyvu na vojenstvo Rímskej ríše v období neskorého principátu a neskorej antiky v archeologických prameňoch
Variantní název:
- Archaeological evidence of Sasanian influence on the military of the Roman Empire in the Late Principate and Late Antiquity
Zdrojový dokument: Studia archaeologica Brunensia. 2023, roč. 28, č. 1, s. 143-176
Rozsah
143-176
-
ISSN1805–918X (print)2336–4505 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/SAB2023-1-4
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/digilib.78150
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Jazyk shrnutí
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 International
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
V roku 224 sa v oblasti rímskeho východu objavil nový súper pre Rímsku ríšu v podobe novovzniknutej Novoperzskej (Sasánovskej) ríše. Na novú hrozbu musela zareagovať aj rímska armáda a táto reakcia so sebou priniesla aj zmeny vo výzbroji, výstroji a stratégii, o ktorých sa predpokladá, že častokrát vychádzali práve zo sasánovských vplyvov. Avšak, ako ukázala sumarizácia dostupných informácii o dokladoch týchto vplyvov, ich presvedčivé doloženie v archeologických prameňoch je z viacerých dôvodov mnohokrát problematické a iba zriedkakedy je možné danú zmenu vo výzbroji či výstroji úplne naisto pripísať práve vplyvom z perzského prostredia.
In AD 224, an old rival has reappeared in the territory of the Roman East, represented by the newly founded Neo-Persian (Sasanian) Empire. The Roman army also had to react to this new threat and this reaction brought changes in military equipment and strategy, which are often assumed to have stemmed from Sasanian influences. However, as a summary of available information on these influences has shown, their convincing manifestation in archaeological sources is, for several reasons, often problematic and only rarely it is possible to safely assign certain changes in militaria to influences from the Persian environment.
Reference
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[41] Shelagh, G. 1995: Roman Military Architecture on the Eastern Frontier, vol 1. Amsterdam.
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[43] Szakos, E. – Vaday, A. 2021: A Late Roman Spatha. Slovenská archeológia 69, Suppl. 2, 281–289.
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[3] Biborski, M. 2017: Rzymskie miecze obosieczne z rękojeściami w kształcie głowy orla. Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica. Series Gemina VI, 51–64.
[4] Bishop, M. C. – Coulston, J. C. N. 2006: Roman Military Equipment from the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. Oxford.
[5] Bivar, A. D. H. 1972: Cavalry Equipment and Tactics on the Euphrates Frontier. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 26, 271–291.
[6] Coulston, J. C. N. 2013: Late Roman Military Equipment Culture. In: N. Christie – A. Sarantis (eds.): War and Warfare in Late Antiquity. Current Perspectives. Boston, 463–492.
[7] Dignas, B. – Winter, E. 2007: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity. Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge.
[8] Dixon, K. R. – Southern, P. 1996: The Late Roman Army. New Haven.
[9] Drijvers, J. W. 2009: Rome and the Sasanid Empire: Confrontation and Coexistence. In: Rousseau, P. (ed.): A Companion to Late Antiquity. New Jersey, 441–454.
[10] Dwyer, B. – Farrokh, K. – Khorasani, M. M. 2020: Sassanid Armor: Background, Development and Technology. Shedet 7, 145–183.
[11] Eadie, J. W. 1967: The Development of Roman Mailed Cavalry. The Journal of Roman Studies 57, 161–173.
[12] Edwell, P. 2021: Rome and Persia at War. Imperial Competition and Contact, 193–363 CE. Abingdon/New York.
[13] Farrokh, K. – Karamian, G. – Kubik, A. – Taheri Oshterinani, M. 2017: An Examination of Parthian and Sasanian military Helmets (2nd century BC – 7th century CE). In: G. Karamian – K. Maksymiuk (eds.): Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets. The headgear in Iranian history. Volume I: Pre-Islamic Period. Siedlce-Tehran, 121–163.
[14] Farrokh, K. 2005: Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224–642. Oxford.
[15] Farrokh, K. 2007: Shadows in The Desert. Ancient Persia at War. Oxford.
[16] Feugère, M. 2002: Weapons of the Romans. Stroud.
[17] Fischer, T. 2012a: Die Armee der Caesaren. Archäologie und Geschichte. Regensburg.
[18] Fischer, T. 2012b: Zur Dolchaufhängung im späten 2. und frühen 3. Jahrhundert n.Chr. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 208, 59–70.
[19] Fischer, T. 2016: Zu römischen Kavalleriehelmen der frühen und mittleren Kaiserzeit. Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 17, 101–112.
[20] Frye, R. N. 1984: The History of Ancient Iran. München.
[21] Frye, R. N. 2008: The Sassanians. In: A. K. Bowman – A. Cameron – P. Garnsey. (eds.): The Cambridge Ancient History. The Crisis of Empire A.D. 193–337. Cambridge, 461–480.
[22] Gawroński, R.A. 2018: Roman Horsemen against Germanic Tribes. The Rhineland Frontier Cavalry Fighting Styles 31 BC – AD 256. Warsaw.
[23] Harl, O. 1998: Die Kataphraktarier im römischen Heer. Panegyrik und Realität. Jahrbuch des römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 43, 601–627.
[24] Hekster, O. 2008: Rome and Its Empire, AD 193–284. Edinburgh.
[25] Hoss, S. 2015: The Origin of the Ring Buckle Belt and the Persian Wars of the 3rd Century. In: Ferdinandov Vagalinski, L. – Sharankov, N. (eds.): Limes XXII: Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Ruse, Bulgaria. Sofia, 319–326.
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[27] Junkelmann, M. 1992: Die Reiter roms. Teil III, Zubehör, Reitweise, Bewaffnung. Mainz.
[28] Kazanski, M. – Mastykova, A. 2007: Tsibilium II. La nécropole apsile de Tsibilium L'étude du site. British Archaeological Reports Vol. 2. BAR. International Series, 1–164.
[29] Khorasani, M. M. 2006: Arms and Armor of Achamenians and Sassanians. Fezana Journal, Summer Issue, 87–92.
[30] Kubik, A. L. 2016: Introduction to studies on late Sasanian protective armour. The Yarish-Mardy helmet. Historia i Świat 5, 77–105.
[31] Le Bohec, Y. 2015: The Encyclopedia of The Roman Army. New Jersey.
[32] Mielczarek, M. 1993: Cataphracti and Clibanarii. Studies on the Heavy Armoured Cavalry of the Ancient World. Łódź.
[33] Miks, Ch. 2007: Studien zur römischen Schwertbewaffnung in der Kaiserzeit. Kölner Studien zur Archäologie der Römischen Provinzen 8. Rahden/Westf.
[34] Miks, Ch. 2008: Vom Prunkstück zum Altmetall – Ein Depot spätrömischer Helmteile aus Koblenz. Forschungen am Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum 4. Mainz.
[35] Miks, Ch. 2014: Ein spätrömischer Depotfund aus Koblenz am Rhein. Studien zu Kammhelmen der späten Kaiserzeit. Kataloge Vor– und Frühgeschichtlicher Altertümer Band 4. Mainz.
[36] Nicolle, D. 1996: Sassanian Armies. The Iranian Empire early 3rd to mid-7th centuries AD. Stockport.
[37] Overlaet, B. J. 1982: Contribution to Sasanian Armament in Connection with a Decorated Helmet. Iranica Antiqua XVII, 189–211.
[38] Palermo, R. 2019: On the Edge of Empires. Noth Mesopotamia During the Roman Period (2nd – 4th c. CE). Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East. Abingdon/New York.
[39] Rajtár, J. – Žundálek, I. 2021: Ein bronzener Adlerkopfgriff aus Hurbanovo, Slowakei. Römisches Österreich. Jahresschrift der österreichischen Gesellschaft für Archäologie 44, 207–216.
[40] Richter, D. 2010: Das römische Heer auf der Trajanssäule. Propaganda und Realität. Ruhpolding.
[41] Shelagh, G. 1995: Roman Military Architecture on the Eastern Frontier, vol 1. Amsterdam.
[42] Simonenko, A. 2001: Bewaffnung und Kriegswesen der Sarmaten und der späten Skythen im nördlichen Schwarzmeergebiet. Eurasia Antiqua 7, 187–327.
[43] Szakos, E. – Vaday, A. 2021: A Late Roman Spatha. Slovenská archeológia 69, Suppl. 2, 281–289.
[44] Whately, C. 2013: War in Late Antiquity: Secondary Works, Literary Sources and Material Evidence. In: Christie, N. – Sarantis, A. (eds.): War and Warfare in Late Antiquity. Current Perspectives. Boston, 101–151.
[45] Huff, D. ARCHEOLOGY iv. Sasanian [online]. c1986, last revision on 11th of August 2011 cit. 14–02–2022]. Dostupné na: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/archeology-iv.
[46] The Sasanian Rock Reliefs at Naqsh-i-Rustam and Naqshi-Rajab [online]. [cit. 13–10–2021]. Dostupné na: https://oi.uchicago.edu/collections/photographic-archives/persepolis/sasanian-rock-reliefsnaqsh-i-rustam-and-naqsh-i-rajab.
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[48] Strata Diocletiana [online]. [cit. 10–12–2021]. Dostupné na: https://memim.com/strata-diocletiana.html.
[49] Naqš-e Rustam [online]. c1998, last revision on 13th of August 2020 [cit. 13–10–2021]. Dostupné na: https://www.livius.org/articles/place/naqs-erustam/.