Název: "It is scanty, therefore, rarely have scholars paid attention to..." : knowledge claim in articles' introductions in scientific journals
Zdrojový dokument: Brno studies in English. 2023, roč. 49, č. 2, s. 83-100
Rozsah
83-100
-
ISSN0524-6881 (print)1805-0867 (online)
Trvalý odkaz (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2023-2-4
Trvalý odkaz (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/digilib.79905
Type: Článek
Jazyk
Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International
Přístupová práva
otevřený přístup
Upozornění: Tyto citace jsou generovány automaticky. Nemusí být zcela správně podle citačních pravidel.
Abstrakt(y)
Academic research relies on previous studies to define the nature of knowledge claim. Knowledge claim is a proposition or a set of propositions advanced by the author to be added to the existing body of agreed-upon-knowledge in the discipline. Following the CARS (Create A Research Space) model of John Swales (1990), the knowledge claim would be articulated in move 2 — establishing a niche — often backed by a prior definition of a general context in move 1, with citations. Based on a corpus of 100 research article introductions from the Nordic Journal of African Studies, this article explores the linguistic strategies authors use to claim knowledge. Findings reveal that 78 % of the texts explicitly have move 2, and different strategies are used to realize them. However, the fact that knowledge claim can only be construed from the wider context of the paper in 22 % of the texts is yet an evolving trend in the application of the model; but one that is taxing for the would-be reader. The paper concludes among other things that for junior scientists who are still finding a niche for themselves in the disciplines, and positioning for post-docs, explicit knowledge claim, strengthened by a prior critical literature review may contribute to the success of a research article than otherwise.
Reference
[1] Adika, George (2014) Swales' Cars Model and the metaphor of research space: An illustration with an African Journal. Legon Journal of the Humanities 25, 58–75. | DOI 10.4314/ljh.v25i1.4
[2] Abramo, Giovanni, Cicero, Tindaro & D'Angelo, Ciriaco Andrea. (2012) A sensitivity analysis of researchers' productivity rankings to the time of citation observation. Journal of Informatics, 6(2), 192–201.
[3] Alanso, Rafael (2012) Writing research paper for the Humanities. Aula Abierta, vol. 40(2), 119–126.
[4] Arvay, Anikó and Gabriella Tanko (2004) A contrastive analysis of English and Hungarian theoretical research articles introductions. IRAL, 42, 71–100.
[5] Bavelas, Janet (1978) The social psychology of citations. Canadian Psychological Review, 19/2: 158–163.
[6] Bertin, Mathieu, Atanassova, Ina, Gingras, Yves and Vincent Larivière (2016) The invariant distribution of references in scientific articles. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(1), 164–177.
[7] Bhatia, Vijay (1993) Analysing genre: Language use in professional settings. New York: Longman.
[8] Bloor, Meriel and Thomas Bloor (1993) How economists modify propositions. In: Henderson, W., Dudley-Evans, T., Backhouse, R. (eds.) Economics and Language. London and New York: Routledge, 153–169. | DOI 10.4324/9780203421581-8
[9] Borg, Emma (2000) Citation practices in academic writing. In: Thompson, P. (ed.), Patterns and perspectives: Insights into EAP writing practice. Reading, UK: Centre for Applied Language Studies, 26–42.
[10] Bruce, Ian (2008) Cognitive genre structures in Methods sections of research articles: A corpus study. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 7: 1, 38–54. | DOI 10.1016/j.jeap.2007.12.001
[11] Cooper, Harris (1988) Organizing Knowledge Synthesis: A taxonomy of literature reviews. Knowledge in Society 1: 104–126.
[12] Cooper, Christopher (1985) Aspects of Article Introduction in IEEE Publications. MSc unpublished dissertation. Birmingham: The University of Aston in Birmingham.
[13] Dahl, Torill (2008) Contributing to the academic conversation: A study of new knowledge claims in economics and linguistics. Journal of Pragmatics 40, 1184–1201. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2007.11.006
[14] Feldman, Allan (1971) Using the Work of Others: Some observations on reviewing and integrating. Sociology of Education 4(1, Winter): 86–102.
[15] Fisher, David, Kjell Rubenson, Karen Rockwell, Gilles Grosjean and Janice Atkinson-Grosjean, (2000) Performance indicators and the humanities and social sciences. Centre for Policy Studies in Higher Education and Training, University of British Columbia. http://www.fedcan.virtuo.ca/pdf/364.pdf accessed 14 June 2019.
[16] Fuller, Steve (1988) Social epistemology. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
[17] Fuller, Steve (1993) Disciplinary boundaries and the rhetoric of the social sciences. In: E. Messer-Davidow, D. R. Shumway and D.J. Sylvan (eds.) Knowledge: Historical and Critical Studies in Disciplinarily. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 125–149.
[18] Guetzkow, James, Michèle Lamont & Graeme Mallard (2004) What is originality in the humanities and the social sciences? American Sociological Review, 69(2): 190–212.
[19] Hunston, Susan (1993) Professional conflict. Disagreement in academic discourse. In: Baker, M., Francis, G. and E. Tognini-Bonelli (eds.) Text and Technology. In Honour of John Sinclair. Philadelphia and Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 115–134. | DOI 10.1075/z.64.08hun
[20] Hunston, Susan (1994) Evaluation and organization in a sample of written academic discourse. In: M. Coulthard (ed.) Advances in Written Text Analysis. London: Routledge, 191–218.
[21] Hemlin, Susan (1993) Scientific quality in the eyes of the scientist: a questionnaire study. Scientometrics, 27(1): 3–18.
[22] Hirano, Elaine (2009) Research articles introduction in English for Specific Purposes: A comparison between Brazilian Portuguese and English. English for Specific Purposes 28, 240–250 | DOI 10.1016/j.esp.2009.02.001
[23] Hyland, Ken (1999) Academic attribution: Citation and the construction of disciplinary knowledge. Applied Linguistics 20/3:341–367. | DOI 10.1093/applin/20.3.341
[24] Hyland, Ken (2004) Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
[25] Hyland, Ken (2009) Academic Discourse. London and New York: Continuum.
[26] Ivanic, Roz (1998) Writing and identity: The discoursal construction of identity in academic writing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
[27] Jacoby, Susan (1987) References to other researchers in literary research articles. ELR Journal, 41(1), 33–78.
[28] Jordan, Richard (1990) He said: Quote…unquote. T. Dudley-Evans and W. Henderson (eds.), The language of economics. ELT Documents.
[29] Jogthong, Chadarat (2001) Research article introduction in Thai: Genre analysis of academic writing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
[30] Kevin Boyack, Nees Jan van Eck, Giovanni Colavizza, & Ludo Waltman (2018). Characterizing in-text citations in scientific articles: A large-scale analysis. Journal of Informatics 12, 59–73.
[31] Kuhn, Thomas (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[32] Lack, Eva (2008) Einleitung - Das Zauberwort "Standards". Lack, E. and C. Markschies (eds.) What the Hell is Quality? Qualitätsstandards in den Geisteswissenschaften. Campus: Frankfurt / New York, 9–34.
[33] Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark (1980) Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[34] Lewin, Ann, Jonathan Fine & Louisa Young (2001) Expository Discourse: A Genre-based Approach to Social Science Research Texts. New York: Continuum.
[35] Lindeberg, Ann-Christine (1994) An exploratory study of knowledge claims in article introductions in three disciplines: Finance, Management, and Marketing. M. Talous ja kieli II (Business and Language II). Helsinki: Publications of the Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration, 647–655.
[36] Lindeberg, Ann-Christine (2004) Promotion and Politeness: Conflicting Scholarly Rhetoric in Three Disciplines. Vasa: Abo Akademi University Press.
[37] MacDonald, Susan Peck (1994) Professional Academic Writing in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Southern Illinois University Press: Carbondale, IL.
[38] Myers, Greg (1990) Writing biology: texts in the social construction of scientific knowledge. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
[39] Nkemleke, Daniel (2014) Researching the research paper in Cameroon English. Brno Studies in English, 40(1), 175–203 | DOI 10.5817/bse2014-1-9
[40] Nkemleke, Daniel (2016) Analyzing research article introductions in the humanities using the CARS Model: How genre knowledge can enhance academic writing skills of junior scientists. In: Schmied J. and D. Nkemleke (eds.) Academic Writing across Disciplines in Africa: From Students to Expert, Gottingen: Cuvillier, 35–58.
[41] Nussbaum, Martha (2010) Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[42] Ochsner, Michael, Hug, Stefan and Hans-Dieter, Daniel (2012) Research. Evaluation 1, 41.
[43] Ozturk, Ilknur (2007) The textual organization of research articles in applied linguistics: variability within a single discipline. English for Specific Purposes, 26, 25–38. | DOI 10.1016/j.esp.2005.12.003
[44] Pahre, Robert (1996) Mathematical discourse and cross-disciplinary communities: The case of political economy. Social Epistemology, 10 (I), 55–73. | DOI 10.1080/02691729608578804
[45] Pickard, Vivienne (1995) Citing previous writers: What can we say instead of "say"? Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 18: 89–102.
[46] Posteguillo, Santiago (1995) Genre Analysis in English for Computer Science. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Valencia: Universitat de València. Posteguillo.
[47] Richard, Steven (1987) Philosophy and the Sociology of Science. An Introduction, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
[48] Samraj, B. (2002) Introductions in research articles: Variation across disciplines. English for Specific Purposes, 21, 1–17. | DOI 10.1016/s0889-4906(00)00023-5
[49] Schmaus, Wesley, Segerstrale, Ulla and Deborah Jesseph (1992) Symposium on the "hard program" in the sociology of scientific knowledge: A manifesto. Social Epistemology, 6(3), 243–265.
[50] Shehzad, Waqas (2005) Corpus-based Genre Analysis: Computer Science Research Article introductions. PhD Dissertation, Islamabad, National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan
[51] Shehzad, Waqas (2006) Computer scientists' approach to 'establishing a research territory. Selected Papers from the Fifteenth International Symposium on English Teaching. Taipei: Crane Publishing Co and ETA-ROC, 127–141.
[52] Shehzad, Waqas (2008) Move 2: Establishing a niche. Ibérica, 15, 25–49.
[53] Swales, John (1981) Aspects of Article Introductions. Aston ESP Research Report No. 1, Language Studies Unit. Birmingham: The University of Aston in Birmingham. Swales
[54] Swales, John (1986) Citation analysis and discourse analysis. Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 39–56.
[55] Swales, John (1990) Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press
[56] Swales, John (2004) Research Genres: Exploration and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[2] Abramo, Giovanni, Cicero, Tindaro & D'Angelo, Ciriaco Andrea. (2012) A sensitivity analysis of researchers' productivity rankings to the time of citation observation. Journal of Informatics, 6(2), 192–201.
[3] Alanso, Rafael (2012) Writing research paper for the Humanities. Aula Abierta, vol. 40(2), 119–126.
[4] Arvay, Anikó and Gabriella Tanko (2004) A contrastive analysis of English and Hungarian theoretical research articles introductions. IRAL, 42, 71–100.
[5] Bavelas, Janet (1978) The social psychology of citations. Canadian Psychological Review, 19/2: 158–163.
[6] Bertin, Mathieu, Atanassova, Ina, Gingras, Yves and Vincent Larivière (2016) The invariant distribution of references in scientific articles. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(1), 164–177.
[7] Bhatia, Vijay (1993) Analysing genre: Language use in professional settings. New York: Longman.
[8] Bloor, Meriel and Thomas Bloor (1993) How economists modify propositions. In: Henderson, W., Dudley-Evans, T., Backhouse, R. (eds.) Economics and Language. London and New York: Routledge, 153–169. | DOI 10.4324/9780203421581-8
[9] Borg, Emma (2000) Citation practices in academic writing. In: Thompson, P. (ed.), Patterns and perspectives: Insights into EAP writing practice. Reading, UK: Centre for Applied Language Studies, 26–42.
[10] Bruce, Ian (2008) Cognitive genre structures in Methods sections of research articles: A corpus study. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 7: 1, 38–54. | DOI 10.1016/j.jeap.2007.12.001
[11] Cooper, Harris (1988) Organizing Knowledge Synthesis: A taxonomy of literature reviews. Knowledge in Society 1: 104–126.
[12] Cooper, Christopher (1985) Aspects of Article Introduction in IEEE Publications. MSc unpublished dissertation. Birmingham: The University of Aston in Birmingham.
[13] Dahl, Torill (2008) Contributing to the academic conversation: A study of new knowledge claims in economics and linguistics. Journal of Pragmatics 40, 1184–1201. | DOI 10.1016/j.pragma.2007.11.006
[14] Feldman, Allan (1971) Using the Work of Others: Some observations on reviewing and integrating. Sociology of Education 4(1, Winter): 86–102.
[15] Fisher, David, Kjell Rubenson, Karen Rockwell, Gilles Grosjean and Janice Atkinson-Grosjean, (2000) Performance indicators and the humanities and social sciences. Centre for Policy Studies in Higher Education and Training, University of British Columbia. http://www.fedcan.virtuo.ca/pdf/364.pdf accessed 14 June 2019.
[16] Fuller, Steve (1988) Social epistemology. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
[17] Fuller, Steve (1993) Disciplinary boundaries and the rhetoric of the social sciences. In: E. Messer-Davidow, D. R. Shumway and D.J. Sylvan (eds.) Knowledge: Historical and Critical Studies in Disciplinarily. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 125–149.
[18] Guetzkow, James, Michèle Lamont & Graeme Mallard (2004) What is originality in the humanities and the social sciences? American Sociological Review, 69(2): 190–212.
[19] Hunston, Susan (1993) Professional conflict. Disagreement in academic discourse. In: Baker, M., Francis, G. and E. Tognini-Bonelli (eds.) Text and Technology. In Honour of John Sinclair. Philadelphia and Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 115–134. | DOI 10.1075/z.64.08hun
[20] Hunston, Susan (1994) Evaluation and organization in a sample of written academic discourse. In: M. Coulthard (ed.) Advances in Written Text Analysis. London: Routledge, 191–218.
[21] Hemlin, Susan (1993) Scientific quality in the eyes of the scientist: a questionnaire study. Scientometrics, 27(1): 3–18.
[22] Hirano, Elaine (2009) Research articles introduction in English for Specific Purposes: A comparison between Brazilian Portuguese and English. English for Specific Purposes 28, 240–250 | DOI 10.1016/j.esp.2009.02.001
[23] Hyland, Ken (1999) Academic attribution: Citation and the construction of disciplinary knowledge. Applied Linguistics 20/3:341–367. | DOI 10.1093/applin/20.3.341
[24] Hyland, Ken (2004) Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
[25] Hyland, Ken (2009) Academic Discourse. London and New York: Continuum.
[26] Ivanic, Roz (1998) Writing and identity: The discoursal construction of identity in academic writing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
[27] Jacoby, Susan (1987) References to other researchers in literary research articles. ELR Journal, 41(1), 33–78.
[28] Jordan, Richard (1990) He said: Quote…unquote. T. Dudley-Evans and W. Henderson (eds.), The language of economics. ELT Documents.
[29] Jogthong, Chadarat (2001) Research article introduction in Thai: Genre analysis of academic writing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
[30] Kevin Boyack, Nees Jan van Eck, Giovanni Colavizza, & Ludo Waltman (2018). Characterizing in-text citations in scientific articles: A large-scale analysis. Journal of Informatics 12, 59–73.
[31] Kuhn, Thomas (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[32] Lack, Eva (2008) Einleitung - Das Zauberwort "Standards". Lack, E. and C. Markschies (eds.) What the Hell is Quality? Qualitätsstandards in den Geisteswissenschaften. Campus: Frankfurt / New York, 9–34.
[33] Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark (1980) Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[34] Lewin, Ann, Jonathan Fine & Louisa Young (2001) Expository Discourse: A Genre-based Approach to Social Science Research Texts. New York: Continuum.
[35] Lindeberg, Ann-Christine (1994) An exploratory study of knowledge claims in article introductions in three disciplines: Finance, Management, and Marketing. M. Talous ja kieli II (Business and Language II). Helsinki: Publications of the Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration, 647–655.
[36] Lindeberg, Ann-Christine (2004) Promotion and Politeness: Conflicting Scholarly Rhetoric in Three Disciplines. Vasa: Abo Akademi University Press.
[37] MacDonald, Susan Peck (1994) Professional Academic Writing in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Southern Illinois University Press: Carbondale, IL.
[38] Myers, Greg (1990) Writing biology: texts in the social construction of scientific knowledge. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
[39] Nkemleke, Daniel (2014) Researching the research paper in Cameroon English. Brno Studies in English, 40(1), 175–203 | DOI 10.5817/bse2014-1-9
[40] Nkemleke, Daniel (2016) Analyzing research article introductions in the humanities using the CARS Model: How genre knowledge can enhance academic writing skills of junior scientists. In: Schmied J. and D. Nkemleke (eds.) Academic Writing across Disciplines in Africa: From Students to Expert, Gottingen: Cuvillier, 35–58.
[41] Nussbaum, Martha (2010) Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[42] Ochsner, Michael, Hug, Stefan and Hans-Dieter, Daniel (2012) Research. Evaluation 1, 41.
[43] Ozturk, Ilknur (2007) The textual organization of research articles in applied linguistics: variability within a single discipline. English for Specific Purposes, 26, 25–38. | DOI 10.1016/j.esp.2005.12.003
[44] Pahre, Robert (1996) Mathematical discourse and cross-disciplinary communities: The case of political economy. Social Epistemology, 10 (I), 55–73. | DOI 10.1080/02691729608578804
[45] Pickard, Vivienne (1995) Citing previous writers: What can we say instead of "say"? Hongkong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 18: 89–102.
[46] Posteguillo, Santiago (1995) Genre Analysis in English for Computer Science. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Valencia: Universitat de València. Posteguillo.
[47] Richard, Steven (1987) Philosophy and the Sociology of Science. An Introduction, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
[48] Samraj, B. (2002) Introductions in research articles: Variation across disciplines. English for Specific Purposes, 21, 1–17. | DOI 10.1016/s0889-4906(00)00023-5
[49] Schmaus, Wesley, Segerstrale, Ulla and Deborah Jesseph (1992) Symposium on the "hard program" in the sociology of scientific knowledge: A manifesto. Social Epistemology, 6(3), 243–265.
[50] Shehzad, Waqas (2005) Corpus-based Genre Analysis: Computer Science Research Article introductions. PhD Dissertation, Islamabad, National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan
[51] Shehzad, Waqas (2006) Computer scientists' approach to 'establishing a research territory. Selected Papers from the Fifteenth International Symposium on English Teaching. Taipei: Crane Publishing Co and ETA-ROC, 127–141.
[52] Shehzad, Waqas (2008) Move 2: Establishing a niche. Ibérica, 15, 25–49.
[53] Swales, John (1981) Aspects of Article Introductions. Aston ESP Research Report No. 1, Language Studies Unit. Birmingham: The University of Aston in Birmingham. Swales
[54] Swales, John (1986) Citation analysis and discourse analysis. Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 39–56.
[55] Swales, John (1990) Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press
[56] Swales, John (2004) Research Genres: Exploration and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.