Title: Greek γαῖα & γῆ 'earth' and corresponding theonyms in etymological perspective
Transliterated title
Greek gaĩa & gẽ 'earth' and corresponding theonyms in etymological perspective
Source document: Graeco-Latina Brunensia. 2023, vol. 28, iss. 2, pp. 19-32
Extent
19-32
-
ISSN1803-7402 (print)2336-4424 (online)
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2023-2-2
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/digilib.79113
Type: Article
Language
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 International
Rights access
open access
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
This article analyzes the published etymologies of Greek γαῖα & γῆ 'earth' with special attention to the Semitic etymology. The Canaanite origin seems to be the most promising solution.
References
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[14] Burnet, J. (Ed.). (1903). Plato: Theaetetus. In Idem (Ed.), Platonis Opera. Oxford: University Press.
[15] CAD 5 = Oppenheim, A. L. (1956). The Assyrian Dictionary (with the assistance of E. Reiner, M. B. Rowton, R. T. Hallock; Vol. 5 – G). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
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[22] CSOL I = Naumkin, V., Kogan, L. et al. (Eds.). (2015). Corpus of Soqotri oral literature (Vol. I). Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[23] Čop, B. (1971). Beiträge zur indogermanischen Wortforschung VI. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, 85, 23−32.
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[27] Egetmeyer, M. (1992). Wörterbuch zu den Inschriften im kyprischen Syllabar. Berlin – New York: Walter de Gruyter (Kadmos, Supplement III).
[28] Frisk, H. (1960−1972). Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Vol. I–III). Heidelberg: Winter.
[29] Evelyn-White, H. G. (Transl.). (1914a). The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. Cambridge (MA) – London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[30] Evelyn-White, H. G. (Transl.). (1914b). Hesiod: Theogony. In Idem (Ed.), The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. Cambridge (MA) – London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[31] Fowler, H. N. (Transl.). (1921). Plato: Theaetetus. In Idem (Ed.), Plato in Twelve Volumes (Vol. 12). Cambridge (MA) – London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[32] Furnée, E. J. (1972). Die wichtigsten konsonantischen Erscheinungen des Vorgriechischen. The Hague – Paris: Mouton.
[33] Georgiev, V. I. (1981). Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
[34] HAL = Koehler, L., & Baumgartner, W. (Eds.). (2001). The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Leiden – Boston – Köln: Brill.
[35] Hintze, A. (1993). A Lexicon to the Cyprian Syllabic Inscriptions. Hamburg: Buske.
[36] IG V.1 = Kolbe, W. (Ed.). (1913). Inscriptiones Graecae, V.1: Inscriptiones Laconiae et Messeniae. Berlin: Reimer.
[37] IG XIV = Inscriptiones Graecae (1890). (Vol. XIV). Berlin: Reimer.
[38] Jebb, R. (Ed. & Transl.). (1887). Sophocles: The Oedipus Tyrannus. Cambridge: University Press.
[39] Johnstone, T. M. (1981). Jibbāli Lexicon. Oxford: University Press.
[40] Klein, E. (1987). A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language. New York – London: Macmillan.
[41] Krebernik, M. (1982). Zu Syllabar und Orthographie der lexikalischen Texte aus Ebla. Teil 2 (Glossar). Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, 73, 1−47.
[42] Lamb, W. R. M. (Transl.). (1925). Plato: Timaeus. In Plato in Twelve Volumes (Vol. 9). Cambridge (MA) – London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[43] Lane, E. W. (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. London: Williams & Norgate [retrieved 16.10.2023 from https://www.tyndalearchive.com/TABS/Lane/ ].
[44] Leslau, W. (1979). Etymological Dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[45] Leslau, W. (1987). Comparative Dictionary of Gecez (Classical Ethiopic). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[46] Lipiński, E. (2001). Semitic Languages − Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven – Paris – Sterling (Virginia): Peeters.
[47] Mander, P. (2005). La religione di Ebla (XXV/XXIV sec. a. C.) (Quaderni napoletani di Assiriologia, 5; Le religioni del Vicino Oriente antico, 1). Roma: Aracne.
[48] Mayrhofer, M. (1992−2001). Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. Heidelberg: Winter.
[49] Meier-Brügger, M. (1992[1994]). Zu griechisch γῆ und γαῖα. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, 53, 113−116.
[50] Müller, W. W. (1962). Die Wurzeln mediae und tertiae y/w im Altsüdarabischen. Diss., University of Tübingen.
[51] Murray, A. T. (Ed.). (1913a). Euripides: Electra. In Idem, Euripidis Fabulae (Vol. 2). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[52] Murray, A. T. (Ed.). (1913b). Euripides: Phoenissae. In Idem, Euripidis Fabulae (Vol. 3). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[53] Murray, A. T. (Transl.). (1919). Homer: The Odyssey. Cambridge (MA) − London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[54] Murray, A. T. (Transl.). (1924). Homer: The Iliad with an English Translation. Cambridge (MA) − London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[55] Pagan, J. M. (1998). A Morphological and Lexical Study of Personal Names in the Ebla Texts (Archivi reali di Ebla, Studi III = ARES III). Roma: Missione archeologica italiana in Siria.
[56] Peters, M. (1994). Griech. γῆ, γαῖα, armen. erkir "Erde". In P. Vavroušek (Ed.), Iranian and Indo-European Studies: Memorial Volume of Otakar Klíma (pp. 203−213). Praha: Enigma Corporation.
[57] Pisani, V. (1925). Antico indiano 'hyás' e 'çvás'. Rendiconti dell'Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, ser. VI, 1, 637−643.
[58] Pokorny, J. (1959). Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. München: Francke.
[59] Pratten, B. P. (Transl.). (1885). Ante-Nicene Fathers, 2: Fathers of the Second Century. New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co. [retrieved 15.10.2023 from https://www.hellenicgods.org/gaia-yaia-gaia ].
[60] Ray, J. D. (1990). An Egyptian Perspective. Review of Bernal 1987. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 3, fasc. 1, 77−81.
[61] Rosół, R. (2013). Frühe semitische Lehnwörter im Griechischen. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
[62] Sandys, J. (Ed. & Transl.). (1937). Pindar: Pythian. In Idem, The Odes of Pindar. Cambridge (MA) − London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[63] Schmidt, J. (1883). Das suffix des participium perfecti activi. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen, 26(4), 329−400.
[64] Schmidt, J. (1893). Assimilationen benachbarter einander nicht berührender vocale im griechischen. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen, 32(3−4), 321−394.
[65] Smyth, H. W. (Transl.). (1926). Aeschylus: Suppliant Women. Cambridge (MA) − London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[66] Steingass, F. (1988). Arabic-English Dictionary. Jalandhar City: Gaurav.
[67] Streck, M. P. (2000). Das amuritische Onomastikon der altbabylonischen Zeit, 1: Die Amuriter. Die onomastische Forschung. Orthographie und Phonologie. Nominalmorphologie. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
[68] Wackernagel, J. (1885). Miscellen zur griechischen grammatik. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen, 27(3), 262−280.
[69] Watson, W. G .E. (2012). Ugaritic Onomastics (8). Aula Orientalis, 30, 323−351.
[70] Willi, A. (2007). Demeter, Gê, and the Indo-European word(s) for 'earth'. Historische Sprachforschung, 120, 169−194.
[71] Woodhouse, R. (1994). Greek αἶα, δεύω and δεῖσα. Historische Sprachforschung, 107, 99−100.
[2] AHw = Soden, W. von, & Meissner, B. (1965−1981). Akkadisches Handwörterbuch (Vol. I−III). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[3] Arnson Svarlien, D. (Transl.). (1991). Pindar: Pythian. In Eadem, Odes. New Haven: Yale University Press.
[4] Aura Jorro, F. (Ed.). (1985). Diccionario micénico. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Invest. Cient.
[5] Bartoněk, A. (2003). Handbuch des mykenischen Griechisch. Heidelberg: Winter.
[6] Beekes, R. S. P. (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Greek (with assistance of Lucien van Beek). Leiden ‒ Boston: Brill.
[7] Beeston, A. F. L., Ghul, M. A., Müller, W. W., & Ryckmans, J. (1982). Sabaic Dictionary (English – French – Arabic). Louvain-la-Neuve – Beyrouth: Peeters; Libraire du Liban.
[8] Bernal, M. (1987−2006). Black Athena. The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilisation. Vol. I: The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785−1985; Vol. II: The Archaeological and Documentary Evidence; Vol. III: The Linguistic Evidence. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
[9] Blažek, V. (1996). The Semitic divine name *cattar-(at-) and its possible Afroasiatic cognates. In P. Zemánek (Ed.), Studies in Near Eastern Languages and Literatures. Memorial Volume of Karel Petráček (pp. 133−141). Prague: Oriental Institute.
[10] Boisacq, É. (1916). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Étudiée dans ses rapports avec les autres langues indo-européennes. Heidelberg − Paris: Winter; Klincksieck.
[11] Brown, J. P. (1995−2001). Israel and Hellas (Vol. I−III). Berlin – New York: De Gruyter.
[12] Bruchmann, C. F. H. (1893). Epitheta deorum quae apud poetas graecos leguntur. Leipzig: Teubner.
[13] Brugmann, K. (1903−1904). Beiträge zur griechischen, germanischen und slavischen Wortforschung. Indogermanische Forschungen, 15, 87−104.
[14] Burnet, J. (Ed.). (1903). Plato: Theaetetus. In Idem (Ed.), Platonis Opera. Oxford: University Press.
[15] CAD 5 = Oppenheim, A. L. (1956). The Assyrian Dictionary (with the assistance of E. Reiner, M. B. Rowton, R. T. Hallock; Vol. 5 – G). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
[16] CAD 7 = Oppenheim, A. L. (1960). The Assyrian Dictionary (with the assistance of E. Reiner, W. L. Moran, E. Bowman; Vol. 7 – I/J). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
[17] Carnoy, A. J. (1957). Dictionnaire étymologique de la mythologie gréco-romaine. Louvain: Ed. Universitas.
[18] Chantraine, P. (1968−1980). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque: Histoire des mots. Paris: Klincksieck.
[19] Cohen, M. (1933). Gy', ge, etc., «vallée, pays». Comptes rendus du groupe linguistique d'études chamito-sémitiques, 1, 34−35.
[20] Coleridge, E. P. (Transl.). (1938a). Euripides: Electra. In W. J. Oates, & E. O'Neill (Eds.), The Complete Greek Drama (Vol. 2). New York: Random House.
[21] Coleridge, E. P. (Transl.). (1938b). Euripides: The Phoenissae. In W. J. Oates, & E. O'Neill (Eds.), The Complete Greek Drama (Vol. 2). New York: Random House.
[22] CSOL I = Naumkin, V., Kogan, L. et al. (Eds.). (2015). Corpus of Soqotri oral literature (Vol. I). Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[23] Čop, B. (1971). Beiträge zur indogermanischen Wortforschung VI. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, 85, 23−32.
[24] DNWS = Hoftijzer, J., & Jongeling, K. (1995). Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. Leiden – New York – Köln: Brill.
[25] DRS = Cohen, D. (Ed.). (1999−2012). Dictionnaire des Racines Sémitiques (Vol. II−III; assisted by J. Lentin for DRS III; avec la collaboration de F. Bron et A. Lonnet). Leuven: Peeters.
[26] DUL = Olmo Lete, G. del, & Sanmartin, J. (20153). A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (Vol. I−II; transl. by W. G. E. Watson). Leiden – Boston: Brill (Handbook of oriental studies, Section 1: The Near and Middle East = Handbuch der Orientalistik, vol. 112).
[27] Egetmeyer, M. (1992). Wörterbuch zu den Inschriften im kyprischen Syllabar. Berlin – New York: Walter de Gruyter (Kadmos, Supplement III).
[28] Frisk, H. (1960−1972). Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Vol. I–III). Heidelberg: Winter.
[29] Evelyn-White, H. G. (Transl.). (1914a). The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. Cambridge (MA) – London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[30] Evelyn-White, H. G. (Transl.). (1914b). Hesiod: Theogony. In Idem (Ed.), The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. Cambridge (MA) – London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[31] Fowler, H. N. (Transl.). (1921). Plato: Theaetetus. In Idem (Ed.), Plato in Twelve Volumes (Vol. 12). Cambridge (MA) – London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[32] Furnée, E. J. (1972). Die wichtigsten konsonantischen Erscheinungen des Vorgriechischen. The Hague – Paris: Mouton.
[33] Georgiev, V. I. (1981). Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
[34] HAL = Koehler, L., & Baumgartner, W. (Eds.). (2001). The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Leiden – Boston – Köln: Brill.
[35] Hintze, A. (1993). A Lexicon to the Cyprian Syllabic Inscriptions. Hamburg: Buske.
[36] IG V.1 = Kolbe, W. (Ed.). (1913). Inscriptiones Graecae, V.1: Inscriptiones Laconiae et Messeniae. Berlin: Reimer.
[37] IG XIV = Inscriptiones Graecae (1890). (Vol. XIV). Berlin: Reimer.
[38] Jebb, R. (Ed. & Transl.). (1887). Sophocles: The Oedipus Tyrannus. Cambridge: University Press.
[39] Johnstone, T. M. (1981). Jibbāli Lexicon. Oxford: University Press.
[40] Klein, E. (1987). A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language. New York – London: Macmillan.
[41] Krebernik, M. (1982). Zu Syllabar und Orthographie der lexikalischen Texte aus Ebla. Teil 2 (Glossar). Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, 73, 1−47.
[42] Lamb, W. R. M. (Transl.). (1925). Plato: Timaeus. In Plato in Twelve Volumes (Vol. 9). Cambridge (MA) – London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[43] Lane, E. W. (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. London: Williams & Norgate [retrieved 16.10.2023 from https://www.tyndalearchive.com/TABS/Lane/ ].
[44] Leslau, W. (1979). Etymological Dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[45] Leslau, W. (1987). Comparative Dictionary of Gecez (Classical Ethiopic). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[46] Lipiński, E. (2001). Semitic Languages − Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven – Paris – Sterling (Virginia): Peeters.
[47] Mander, P. (2005). La religione di Ebla (XXV/XXIV sec. a. C.) (Quaderni napoletani di Assiriologia, 5; Le religioni del Vicino Oriente antico, 1). Roma: Aracne.
[48] Mayrhofer, M. (1992−2001). Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. Heidelberg: Winter.
[49] Meier-Brügger, M. (1992[1994]). Zu griechisch γῆ und γαῖα. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, 53, 113−116.
[50] Müller, W. W. (1962). Die Wurzeln mediae und tertiae y/w im Altsüdarabischen. Diss., University of Tübingen.
[51] Murray, A. T. (Ed.). (1913a). Euripides: Electra. In Idem, Euripidis Fabulae (Vol. 2). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[52] Murray, A. T. (Ed.). (1913b). Euripides: Phoenissae. In Idem, Euripidis Fabulae (Vol. 3). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[53] Murray, A. T. (Transl.). (1919). Homer: The Odyssey. Cambridge (MA) − London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[54] Murray, A. T. (Transl.). (1924). Homer: The Iliad with an English Translation. Cambridge (MA) − London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[55] Pagan, J. M. (1998). A Morphological and Lexical Study of Personal Names in the Ebla Texts (Archivi reali di Ebla, Studi III = ARES III). Roma: Missione archeologica italiana in Siria.
[56] Peters, M. (1994). Griech. γῆ, γαῖα, armen. erkir "Erde". In P. Vavroušek (Ed.), Iranian and Indo-European Studies: Memorial Volume of Otakar Klíma (pp. 203−213). Praha: Enigma Corporation.
[57] Pisani, V. (1925). Antico indiano 'hyás' e 'çvás'. Rendiconti dell'Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, ser. VI, 1, 637−643.
[58] Pokorny, J. (1959). Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. München: Francke.
[59] Pratten, B. P. (Transl.). (1885). Ante-Nicene Fathers, 2: Fathers of the Second Century. New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co. [retrieved 15.10.2023 from https://www.hellenicgods.org/gaia-yaia-gaia ].
[60] Ray, J. D. (1990). An Egyptian Perspective. Review of Bernal 1987. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 3, fasc. 1, 77−81.
[61] Rosół, R. (2013). Frühe semitische Lehnwörter im Griechischen. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
[62] Sandys, J. (Ed. & Transl.). (1937). Pindar: Pythian. In Idem, The Odes of Pindar. Cambridge (MA) − London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[63] Schmidt, J. (1883). Das suffix des participium perfecti activi. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen, 26(4), 329−400.
[64] Schmidt, J. (1893). Assimilationen benachbarter einander nicht berührender vocale im griechischen. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen, 32(3−4), 321−394.
[65] Smyth, H. W. (Transl.). (1926). Aeschylus: Suppliant Women. Cambridge (MA) − London: Harvard University Press; Heinemann.
[66] Steingass, F. (1988). Arabic-English Dictionary. Jalandhar City: Gaurav.
[67] Streck, M. P. (2000). Das amuritische Onomastikon der altbabylonischen Zeit, 1: Die Amuriter. Die onomastische Forschung. Orthographie und Phonologie. Nominalmorphologie. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
[68] Wackernagel, J. (1885). Miscellen zur griechischen grammatik. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen, 27(3), 262−280.
[69] Watson, W. G .E. (2012). Ugaritic Onomastics (8). Aula Orientalis, 30, 323−351.
[70] Willi, A. (2007). Demeter, Gê, and the Indo-European word(s) for 'earth'. Historische Sprachforschung, 120, 169−194.
[71] Woodhouse, R. (1994). Greek αἶα, δεύω and δεῖσα. Historische Sprachforschung, 107, 99−100.