Title: Graeco-Aramaica : the Syrian plant names in Pseudo-Dioscorides
Source document: Graeco-Latina Brunensia. 2024, vol. 29, iss. 1, pp. 199-211
Extent
199-211
-
ISSN1803-7402 (print)2336-4424 (online)
Persistent identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2024-1-11
Stable URL (handle): https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/digilib.80006
Type: Article
Language
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 International
Rights access
open access
Notice: These citations are automatically created and might not follow citation rules properly.
Abstract(s)
The collection of synonymous plant names added to Dioscorides' De materia medica between the 2nd and the 5th centuries CE contains many glosses in different languages. Among them are seven plant names attributed to the Syrians. The main aim of the paper is to re-examine whether they are of Aramaic origin. Consideration is also given to the possible occurrence of these plant names in other Greek sources and to the botanical identification of individual names. As a result, the paper shows that five plant names can be treated as Aramaic: ἁρμαλά 'rue (Ruta graveolens L.)' (Jewish Aramaic ḥrmltʾ 'wild rue', Mandaic harmal 'rue', Arabic ḥarmal 'wild rue'), βησσασά 'rue (Ruta graveolens L.)' (Jewish Aramaic baššāš, baššāšā 'wild rue'; Syriac baššāšā, bšwšʾ 'id.'), λαλλαβιάρια 'white bryony (Bryonia dioica Jacq.)' (Syriac ʾālepšrā 'white bryony'), λοῦφαν 'a kind of arum (especially Arum maculatum L. and Arum palaestinum Boiss.)' (Aramaic *lûpā 'Solomon's lily', reconstructed on the basis of the Mishnaic Hebrew lôp or lûp 'id.'; cf. Syriac lāwpā [or lūpā?] 'perh. pellitory, parietary; dragon arum; peeled barley'; Arabic lūf 'sponge gourd; dragon arum'), and σασά 'white lily (Lilium candidum L.)' (Jewish Aramaic sôsaʾn, šwšnh 'lily', Syriac swsn 'id.'). The etymology of the Syrian glosses ἀδοριού 'sea carrot (Daucus carota var. drepanensis [Arcang.] Heywood) or sekakul (Malabaila secacul [Mill.] Boiss.)' and μεούδα 'sea beet (Beta vulgaris var. maritima [L.] Arcang.)' is unknown.
Note
This research was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (research project no. UMO-2020/39/B/HS2/00934).
References
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[58] Sokoloff, M. (2009). A Syriac Lexicon: A translation from the Latin, correction, expansion, and update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum Winona Lake – Piscataway: Eisenbrauns. | DOI 10.21906/rbl.126
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[60] Steingass, F. J. (1892). A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. London: Lockwood.
[61] Takács, G. (1999–2008). Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian (3 vols.). Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[62] Torallas Tovar, S. (2004). Egyptian Lexical Interference in the Greek of Byzantine and Early Islamic Egypt (with Appendix: Egyptian Loan-Words in Greek). In P. Sijpesteijn, & L. Sundelin (Eds.), Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt (pp. 163–198). Leiden – Boston: Brill. | DOI 10.1163/9789047405474_015
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[64] Wehr, H. (1979). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (4th ed.; J. M. Cowan, Ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[65] Wellmann, M. (1898). Die Pflanzennamen des Dioskurides. Hermes, 33, 360–422.
[66] Wellmann, M. (Ed.) (1907–1914). Pedanii Dioscuridis Anazarbei De materia medica libri quinque (3 vols.). Berlin: Weidmann.
[67] Westendorf, W. (1965–1977). Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Winter.
[68] Wilson, P. (1997). A Ptolemaic Lexicon: A Lexicographical Study of the Texts in the Temple of Edfu. Leuven: Peeters.
[69] Witczak, K. T. (2016). Gigarum vel gigarus 'kolokazja jadalna' – nazwa etruska czy galijska? Roczniki Humanistyczne, 64(3), 17–29. | DOI 10.18290/rh.2016.64.3-2
[2] André, J. (2010). Les noms de plantes dans la Rome antique (2nd ed.). Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
[3] Beck, L. Y. (Trans.) (2005). Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbus, De materia medica. Hildesheim – Zurich – New York: Olms – Weidmann.
[4] Bedrossian, M. (1875–1879). New Dictionary Armenian-English. Venice: Lazarus Armenian Academy.
[5] Beekes, R. (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Greek (With the assistance of L. van Beek; 2 vols.). Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[6] Berendes, J. (Trans.). (1902). Des Pedanios Dioskurides aus Anazarbos Arzneimittellehre in fünf Büchern. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke.
[7] Brockelmann, C. (1928). Lexicon Syriacum (2nd ed.). Halle: Niemeyer.
[8] Brust, M. (2008). Die indischen und iranischen Lehnwörter im Griechischen (2nd ed.). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der UI.
[9] CAL = The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon [online available at https://cal.huc.edu/; accessed 26.04.2024].
[10] Carnoy, A. (1959). Dictionnaire étymologique des noms grecs de plantes. Louvain: Publications Universitaires.
[11] CDD = The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago [online available at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/cdd/; accessed 26.04.2024].
[12] CDO = Coptic Dictionary Online. Ed. by the Koptische/Coptic Electronic Language and Literature International Alliance (KELLIA) [online available at https://coptic-dictionary.org.; accessed 26.04.2024].
[13] Chantraine, P. (1999). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque: Histoire des mots. (Avec un Supplément sous la direction de A. Blanc et al.). Paris: Klincksieck.
[14] Charpentier, G. (1981). Recueil de matériaux épigraphiques relatifs ŕ la botanique de l'Egypte antique. Paris: Trismégiste.
[15] Ciancaglini, C. A. (2008). Iranian Loanwords in Syriac. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
[16] Clines, D. J. A. (Ed.). (1993–2011). The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew (8 vols.). Sheffield: Society for Old Testament Study.
[17] Crum, W. E. (1939). A Coptic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon.
[18] Dalby, A. (1996). Siren Feasts. A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece. London – New York: Routledge.
[19] Dalby, A. (2018). Dioscorides Extended: the Synonyma Plantarum Barbara In C. Soares, C. da Silva Gomes Ribeiro (Eds.), Mesas luso-brasileiras: alimentaçăo, saúde e cultura (Vol. 1; pp. 21–35). Coimbra: Coimbra UP. | DOI 10.1558/ppc.27920
[20] Dalman, G. H. (1922). Aramäisch-neuhebräisches Handwörterbuch zu Targum, Talmud und Midrasch (2nd ed.). Frankfurt (Main): Kauffmann.
[21] de Lagarde, P. (1866). Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Leipzig: Brockhaus.
[22] Dietrich, A. (1991). Die Dioskurides-Erklärung des Ibn al-Bait.ar. Ein Beitrag zur arabischen Pflanzensynonymik des Mittelalters. Arabischer Text nebst kommentierter deutscher Übersetzung. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
[23] Drower, E. S., & Macuch, R. (1963). A Mandaic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon.
[24] Erhardt, W., & Götz, E., et al. (2002). Zander. Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. Dictionary of Plant Names. Dictionnaire des noms des plantes (17th ed.). Stuttgart: Ulmer.
[25] Erichsen, W. (1954). Demotisches Glossar. Kopenhagen: Ulmer.
[26] Erman, A., & Grapow, H. (1926–1931). Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache (5 vols.). Leipzig: Akademie-Verlag.
[27] Feliks, J. (2007). Vegetables. In F. Skolnik, & M. Berenbaum (Eds.), Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.; Vol. 20; pp. 488–489). Detroit – Jerusalem: Macmillan Reference USA – Keter Publishing House.
[28] Freytag, G. W. (1830–1837). Lexicon Arabico-Latinum (4 vols.). Halle: Schwetschke.
[29] Frisk, H. (1960–1972). Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (3 vols.). Heidelberg: Winter.
[30] García Valdés, M. (Trans.). (1998). Dioscórides, Plantas y remedios medicinales (De materia medica) (2 vols.). Madrid: Editorial Gredos.
[31] Grimaldi, I. M., & Muthukumaran, S. et al. (2018). Literary Evidence for Taro in the Ancient Mediterranean: A Chronology of Names and Uses in a Multilingual World PLoS One, 13(6), e0198333. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5988270/ | DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0198333
[32] Hannig, R. (2009). Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (2800–950 v. Chr.) (5th ed.). Mainz: von Zabern. | DOI 10.1086/422294
[33] Hardy, G., & Totelin, L. (2016). Ancient Botany. London – New York: Routledge.
[34] Hemmerdinger, B. (1968). Noms communs grecs d'origine égyptienne. Glotta, 46, 238–247.
[35] Hemmerdinger, B. (1970). De la méconnaissance de quelques étymologies greques. Glotta, 48, 40–66.
[36] Hill, A. F. (1939). The Nomenclature of the Taro and its Varieties Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 7, 113–118. | DOI 10.5962/p.295132
[37] Howald, E., & Sigerist, H. E. (Eds.) (1927). Antonii Musae De herba Vettonica liber, Pseudo-Apulei Herbarius, Anonymi De taxone liber, Sexti Placiti Liber medicinae ex animalibus (Corpus Medicorum Latinorum, Vol. 4). Leipzig – Berlin: Teubner. | DOI 10.2307/289766
[38] Hünemörder, Ch. (2003). Arum. In H. Cancik, & H. Schneider (Eds.), Brill's New Pauly (Vol. 2; p. 82). Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[39] Jastrow, M. (1903). A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Zerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (2 vols.) New York: Luzac – Putnam's Sons. | DOI 10.31826/9781463232344
[40] Koehler, L., Baumgartner, W., & Stamm, J. J. (1994–2000). The Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament (5 vols.). M. E. J. Richardson (Ed.). Leiden – New York – Köln: Brill.
[41] Liddell, H. G., Scott, R., & Jones, H. S. (Eds.). (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon. With a Revised Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon.
[42] Löw, I. (1881). Aramäische Pflanzennamen. Leipzig: Engelmann.
[43] Löw, I. (1924–1934). Die Flora der Juden (4 vols.). Wien – Leipzig: Löwit.
[44] MacKenzie, D. N. (1986). A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary (reprinted with corrections). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[45] Manniche, L. (1989). An Ancient Egyptian Herbal. London: British Museum Publ.
[46] Masson, É. (1967). Recherches sur les plus anciens emprunts sémitiques en grec. Paris: Klincksieck.
[47] Mayer-Chissick, U., & Lev, E. (2014). Wild Edible Plants in Israel Tradition Versus Cultivation In Z. Yaniv, & N. Dudai (Eds.), Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East (pp. 9–26). Dordrecht – Heidelberg – New York – London: Springer. | DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9276-9_2
[48] Merx, A. (1885). Proben der syrischen Übersetzung von Galenus' Schrift über die einfachen Heilmittel. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 39, 237–305.
[49] Montanari, F. (2015). The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek (M. Goh, & Ch. Schroeder, Eds.). Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[50] Olck, F. (1895). Ἄρον. In G. Wissowa et al. (Eds.), Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Bd. 2,1; pp. 1212–1215). Stuttgart: Druckenmüller.
[51] Pommerening, T. (2016). Wege zur Identifikation altägyptischer Drogennamen – eine kritische Betrachtung In P. Dils, & L. Popko (Eds.), Zwischen Philologie und Lexikographie des Ägyptisch-Koptischen. Akten der Leipziger Abschlusstagung des Akademienprojekts "Altägyptisches Wörterbuch" (pp. 82–111). Stuttgart – Leipzig: Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften. | DOI 10.5840/agstm201757114
[52] Popa, I. C. (2010). The Lists of Plant Synonyms in De materia medica of Dioscorides. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 10(3), 46–49.
[53] Pradel-Baquerre, M. (Ed.) (2018). Pseudo-Apulée, Herbier, précédé du traité sur la bétoine d'Antonius Musa. D'aprčs le manuscrit H277, Montpellier. Paris: Classiques Garnier.
[54] Riddle, J. M. (1985). Dioscorides on Pharmacy and Medicine. Austin: University of Texas Press.
[55] Rosół, R. (2013). Frühe semitische Lehnwörter im Griechischen Frankfurt (Main): Peter Lang. | DOI 10.3726/978-3-653-02022-9/5
[56] Sokoloff, M. (1990). A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine Period Ramat-Gan: Bar Ilan UP. | DOI 10.1017/s0364009400003767
[57] Sokoloff, M. (2002). A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods Ramat-Gan: Bar Ilan UP. | DOI 10.18647/2567/jjs-2004
[58] Sokoloff, M. (2009). A Syriac Lexicon: A translation from the Latin, correction, expansion, and update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum Winona Lake – Piscataway: Eisenbrauns. | DOI 10.21906/rbl.126
[59] Steingass, F. J. (1884). The Student's Arabic-English Dictionary. London: Lockwood.
[60] Steingass, F. J. (1892). A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. London: Lockwood.
[61] Takács, G. (1999–2008). Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian (3 vols.). Leiden – Boston: Brill.
[62] Torallas Tovar, S. (2004). Egyptian Lexical Interference in the Greek of Byzantine and Early Islamic Egypt (with Appendix: Egyptian Loan-Words in Greek). In P. Sijpesteijn, & L. Sundelin (Eds.), Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt (pp. 163–198). Leiden – Boston: Brill. | DOI 10.1163/9789047405474_015
[63] Váczy, C. (1969). Nomenclatura dacică a plantelor la Dioscorides şi Pseudo-Apuleius (partea II). Acta Musei Napocensis, 6, 115–129.
[64] Wehr, H. (1979). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (4th ed.; J. M. Cowan, Ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
[65] Wellmann, M. (1898). Die Pflanzennamen des Dioskurides. Hermes, 33, 360–422.
[66] Wellmann, M. (Ed.) (1907–1914). Pedanii Dioscuridis Anazarbei De materia medica libri quinque (3 vols.). Berlin: Weidmann.
[67] Westendorf, W. (1965–1977). Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Winter.
[68] Wilson, P. (1997). A Ptolemaic Lexicon: A Lexicographical Study of the Texts in the Temple of Edfu. Leuven: Peeters.
[69] Witczak, K. T. (2016). Gigarum vel gigarus 'kolokazja jadalna' – nazwa etruska czy galijska? Roczniki Humanistyczne, 64(3), 17–29. | DOI 10.18290/rh.2016.64.3-2